Breakfast in the Philippines: food and diet quality as analyzed from the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey

Nutrition Journal

Table 3 Mean food intake and percentage consumer at breakfast for Adolescents by NRF 9.3 Tertiles, Philippines, 2018

Food Groups	13–18 years old (n = 8, 916)
	Mean Food Group Intake (g)^a			Percentage Consumer (%)^b
	Tertile 1	Tertile 2	Tertile 3	P-value^†	Tertile 1	Tertile 2	Tertile 3	P-value^‡
RICE	95.5 ± 1.77	111.8 ± 1.63	93.8 ± 1.40	< 0.001^abc	43 ± 0.01	81 ± 0.01	77 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
COOKING OIL	6.7 ± 0.32	5 ± 0.15	4.7 ± 0.14	< 0.001^ab	22 ± 0.01	49 ± 0.01	32 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
FRESH FISH	34.6 ± 5.26	47.5 ± 2.40	65.1 ± 3.73	< 0.001^abc	2 ± 0.003	16 ± 0.01	22 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
CHICKEN EGG	30.5 ± 2.32	38 ± 0.88	46.5 ± 1.51	< 0.001^abc	6 ± 0.004	30 ± 0.01	22 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
OTHER CEREAL PRODUCTS	59.9 ± 1.56	62.2 ± 2.42	65.2 ± 3.97	< 0.001^abc	52 ± 0.01	19 ± 0.01	17 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
CACAO AND CHOCOLATE BASED BEVERAGES	12.9 ± 2.25	21.1 ± 1.59	20.7 ± 0.44	0.019^ab	0.4 ± 0.001	2 ± 0.002	17 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
OTHER VEGETABLES	29.3 ± 4.51	39.5 ± 2.31	56.5 ± 3.21	< 0.001^bc	3 ± 0.003	12 ± 0.01	16 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
SUGARS	9.4 ± 0.33	8.5 ± .36	6.9 ± 0.33	< 0.001^abc	30 ± 0.01	21 ± 0.01	15 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES	11.3 ± 2.18	18.4 ± 2.03	33.1 ± 1.91	< 0.001^b	0.5 ± 0.001	3 ± 0.003	15 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
COFFEE	16.2 ± 0.38	13.4 ± 0.58	10.4 ± 0.72	< 0.001^abc	57 ± 0.01	26 ± 0.01	12 ± 0.01	< 0.001*

^aValues are mean ± standard error
^bValues are percentage ± standard error
^†Using Analysis of Covariance adjusted for age, sex, urbanity, wealth quintiles and energy intake at breakfast using Turkey HDS posthoc pairwise comparisons; subscripts represents significant difference between ^aTertile 1 vs Tertile 2, ^bTertile 1 vs Tertile 3, and ^cTertile 2 vs Tertile 3
^‡Using Rank Biserial Correlation test; ^*significant

ISSN: 1475-2891