Table 2 Daily Vegetables and Fruit Mean Intakes, Nutrient Intakes and Diet Quality for Children
Control1 | Intervention1 | Difference vs. control2 | P value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRE | POST 1 | POST 2 | PRE | POST 1 | POST 2 | PRE | POST 1 | POST 2 | Group | Time | G x T | |
n | 32 | 24 | 28 | 48 | 38 | 36 | ||||||
V/F intakes | ||||||||||||
V/F, servings | 4.1 ± 2.5 | 4.3 ± 2.2 | 4.6 ± 2.3 | 3.9 ± 2.1 | 4.9 ± 2.2 | 4.5 ± 1.9 | 0.1 (− 1.8, 1.9) | 1.1 (− 0.8, 3.1) | 0.6 (− 1.3, 2.6) | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.10 |
Juice, servings | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 1.2 ± 1.4 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 0.1 (− 1.0, 1.2) | 0.03 (− 1.0, 1.1) | 0.4 (−0.6, 1.4) | 0.59 | 0.82 | 0.50 |
Nutrient intakes and diet quality | ||||||||||||
Energy, kcal | 2159.6 ± 554.5 | 1806.0 ± 371.9 | 1892.7 ± 342.9 | 2124.6 ± 555.2 | 1920.4 ± 425.0 | 1982.0 ± 430.0 | −14.5 (− 431.9, 403.0) | 198.0 (− 190.5, 586.4) | 124.9 (− 256.1, 506.0) | 0.39 | < 0.0001 | 0.19 |
Carbohydrate, g | 271.5 ± 90.7 | 225.5 ± 56.7 | 239.6 ± 49.0 | 272.1 ± 66.3 | 252.7 ± 60.4 | 253.2 ± 57.0 | 3.7 (− 55.3, 62.8) | −38.3 (− 14.1, 90.8) | 23.2 (− 27.4, 73.8) | 0.19 | 0.0004 | 0.06 |
Carbohydrate, % | 49.7 ± 8.1 | 49.6 ± 4.7 | 50.8 ± 6.9 | 51.7 ± 5.4 | 52.7 ± 5.1 | 51.2 ± 4.6 | 1.8 (− 2.9, 6.6) | 2.4 (− 2.7, 7.5) | 1.0 (−4.1, 6.1) | 0.24 | 0.89 | 0.69 |
Total sugars, g | 111.8 ± 49.3 | 93.0 ± 30.4 | 101.3 ± 27.6 | 105.5 ± 30.0 | 109.7 ± 33.5 | 106.7 ± 30.0 | − 6.4 (− 37.4, 24.6) | 20.0 (−9.1, 49.0) | 9.7 (−17.3, 36.6) | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.02 |
Fat, g | 80.6 ± 22.5 | 65.3 ± 15.1 | 67.7 ± 17.5 | 77.8 ± 29.8 | 62.4 ± 17.4 | 69.1 ± 19.8 | − 2.0 (− 21.2, 17.3) | 0.7 (− 17.0, 18.4) | 1.6 (− 16.7, 20.0) | 0.98 | < 0.0001 | 0.88 |
Fat, % | 33.9 ± 5.9 | 32.5 ± 3.4 | 32.1 ± 5.0 | 32.5 ± 5.3 | 29.2 ± 4.5 | 31.2 ± 4.5 | − 1.3 (− 5.3, 2.6) | −2.6 (− 6.9, 1.7) | −1.2 (− 5.4, 3.0) | 0.16 | 0.004 | 0.55 |
Saturated Fat, g | 27.4 ± 9.3 | 24.3 ± 7.4 | 23.4 ± 8.5 | 28.1 ± 10.1 | 24.2 ± 9.0 | 26.5 ± 9.1 | 0.8 (−7.2, 8.7) | 1.5 (−7.9, 10.9) | 3.3 (− 5.6, 12.2) | 0.48 | 0.04 | 0.60 |
Protein, g | 86.9 ± 23.1 | 78.9 ± 15.5 | 81.0 ± 22.3 | 83.9 ± 23.2 | 87.0 ± 23.9 | 86.8 ± 22.7 | −1.9 (− 21.0, 17.1) | 11.3 (− 9.0, 31.7) | 5.5 (− 14.7, 25.6) | 0.42 | 0.86 | 0.05 |
Protein, % | 16.4 ± 3.7 | 17.9 ± 3.6 | 17.1 ± 3.2 | 15.9 ± 2.3 | 18.1 ± 2.7 | 17.6 ± 3.0 | − 0.5 (− 3.0, 2.1) | 0.2 (−2.6, 3.0) | 0.1 (− 2.9, 3.1) | 0.94 | < 0.0001 | 0.70 |
Fiber, g | 20.6 ± 8.0 | 17.1 ± 5.4 | 20.7 ± 8.7 | 19.0 ± 5.9 | 18.3 ± 5.6 | 19.1 ± 5.0 | − 0.7 (− 6.0, 4.6) | 3.0 (− 2.6, 8.7) | 0.1 (− 5.5, 5.6) | 0.63 | 0.003 | 0.06 |
Potassium, mg | 2788.5 ± 841.3 | 2670.2 ± 714.1 | 2759.7 ± 591.7 | 2740.2 ± 619.5 | 2930.9 ± 812.5 | 2826.9 ± 620.0 | − 27.4 (− 618.9, 564.1) | 427.0 (− 205.6, 1059.6) | 215.2 (− 406.9, 837.3) | 0.28 | 0.99 | 0.03 |
Magnesium, mg | 311 ± 106.7 | 268 ± 72.6 † | 288.2 ± 80.7 | 288.7 ± 72.7 | 275.2 ± 73.7 | 276.2 ± 63.9 | − 15.4 (− 82.0, 51.3) | 33.7 (− 36.6, 104.1) | 3.4 (− 66.0, 72.8) | 0.74 | 0.001 | 0.02 |
Calcium, mg | 1051.1 ± 363.8 | 934.1 ± 277.8 | 986.0 ± 311.1 | 1054.3 ± 374.1 | 1179.6 ± 355.2 | 1031.5 ± 310.8 | −6.8 (− 257.5, 243.9) | 272.1 (− 5.8, 550.0) | 78.2 (− 192.5, 348.9) | 0.13 | 0.73 | 0.02 |
Vitamin C, mg | 127.1 ± 80.2 | 147 ± 70.8 | 144.3 ± 62.6 | 139.6 ± 83.5 | 155.7 ± 73.9 | 150.9 ± 72.3 | 8.6 (− 47.5, 64.8) | 5.0 (− 56.6, 66.7) | 6.6 (− 54.3, 67.5) | 0.68 | 0.30 | 0.98 |
NRF 9.3 | 43.1 ± 8.7 | 46.2 ± 5.4 | 47.6 ± 8.1 | 42.1 ± 6.5 | 44.6 ± 5.5 | 43.6 ± 7.9 | − 0.6 (− 6.5, 5.3) | −0.5 (− 6.9, 5.9) | 2.8 (− 9.0, 3.4) | 0.50 | 0.001 | 0.40 |