Table 1 Characteristics of study participants at baseline (unless otherwise specified) by changes in DASH1 scores2,3
Consistently low (< 3% change and ≤ median DASH at both timepoints) | Large decrease (> 10% decrease) | Small decrease (3–10% decrease) | Small increase (3–10% increase) | Large increase (> 10% increase) | Consistently high (< 3% change and > median DASH at both timepoints) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1512 | n = 3377 | n = 1820 | n = 1659 | n = 2699 | n = 1513 | |
DASH score at baseline | 17.6 ± 2.3 | 24.1 ± 3.9 | 21.9 ± 4.0 | 19.5 ± 3.8 | 17.8 ± 3.5 | 23.9 ± 2.4 |
DASH score at follow-up 3 | 17.6 ± 2.3 | 17.5 ± 3.8 | 19.4 ± 4.0 | 21.9 ± 3.8 | 24.2 ± 3.6 | 23.9 ± 2.4 |
Age at baseline, years | 52.8 ± 5.9 | 53.7 ± 6.1 | 53.1 ± 5.9 | 52.4 ± 5.7 | 52.2 ± 5.7 | 52.6 ± 5.7 |
Age at assessment of frailty, years | 73.6 ± 6.1 | 74.5 ± 6.2 | 73.9 ± 6.1 | 73.2 ± 5.9 | 73.1 ± 5.9 | 73.3 ± 5.9 |
Gender | ||||||
Men | 711 (47.0) | 1429 (42.3) | 744 (40.9) | 665 (40.1) | 1107 (41.0) | 563 (37.2) |
Women | 801 (53.0) | 1948 (57.7) | 1076 (59.1) | 994 (59.9) | 1592 (59.0) | 950 (62.8) |
Dialect group | ||||||
Hokkien | 702 (46.4) | 1673 (49.5) | 928 (51.0) | 852 (51.4) | 1347 (49.9) | 834 (55.1) |
Cantonese | 810 (53.6) | 1704 (50.5) | 892 (49.0) | 807 (48.6) | 1352 (50.1) | 679 (44.9) |
Education | ||||||
No formal education | 287 (19.0) | 566 (16.8) | 298 (16.4) | 248 (14.9) | 413 (15.3) | 173 (11.4) |
Primary school | 705 (46.6) | 1544 (45.7) | 804 (44.2) | 731 (44.1) | 1135 (42.1) | 594 (39.3) |
Secondary school | 428 (28.3) | 1012 (30.0) | 594 (32.6) | 530 (32.0) | 886 (32.8) | 575 (38.0) |
Diploma / University | 92 (6.1) | 255 (7.5) | 124 (6.8) | 50 (9.0) | 265 (9.8) | 171 (11.3) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never | 1168 (77.3) | 2714 (80.4) | 1458 (80.1) | 1317 (79.4) | 2119 (78.5) | 1235 (81.6) |
Monthly | 140 (9.3) | 279 (8.3) | 149 (8.2) | 155 (9.3) | 253 (9.4) | 131 (8.7) |
Weekly | 149 (9.9) | 305 (9.0) | 158 (8.7) | 154 (9.3) | 247 (9.1) | 119 (7.9) |
Daily | 55 (3.6) | 79 (2.3) | 55 (3.0) | 33 (2.0) | 80 (3.0) | 28 (1.8) |
Smoking history | ||||||
Never smoker | 1082 (71.6) | 2629 (77.9) | 1419 (78.0) | 1342 (80.9) | 2142 (79.4) | 1305 (86.3) |
Former smoker | 158 (10.4) | 294 (8.7) | 176 (9.7) | 131 (7.9) | 245 (9.1) | 111 (7.3) |
Current smoker | 272 (18.0) | 454 (13.4) | 225 (12.4) | 186 (11.2) | 312 (11.6) | 97 (6.4) |
Amount of sleep per day, hours | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 6.9 ± 1.0 | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 6.9 ± 1.0 |
Weekly participation in vigorous work or strenuous sports | 260 (17.2) | 600 (17.8) | 347 (19.1) | 306 (18.4) | 512 (19.0) | 310 (20.5) |
Amount of moderate activity per week | ||||||
None | 1244 (82.3) | 2539 (75.2) | 1400 (76.9) | 1251 (75.4) | 2101 (77.8) | 1077 (71.2) |
0.5 to 3 h | 189 (12.5) | 537 (15.9) | 263 (14.5) | 277 (16.7) | 414 (15.3) | 295 (19.5) |
≥ 4 h | 79 (5.2) | 301 (8.9) | 157 (8.6) | 131 (7.9) | 184 (6.8) | 141 (9.3) |
Body mass index | ||||||
Underweight [< 18.5 kg/m2] | 104 (6.9) | 216 (6.4) | 97 (5.3) | 84 (5.1) | 156 (5.8) | 81 (5.4) |
Normal [18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2] | 612 (40.5) | 1520 (45.0) | 791 (43.5) | 719 (43.3) | 1217 (45.1) | 695 (45.9) |
Overweight [23.0 to 27.4 kg/m2] | 646 (42.7) | 1365 (40.4) | 784 (43.1) | 713 (43.0) | 1085 (40.2) | 612 (40.4) |
Obese [≥ 27.5 kg/m2] | 150 (9.9) | 276 (8.2) | 148 (8.1) | 143 (8.6) | 241 (8.9) | 125 (8.3) |
Hypertension | 292 (19.3) | 646 (19.1) | 356 (19.6) | 293 (17.7) | 463 (17.2) | 310 (20.5) |
Coronary artery disease | 45 (3.0) | 80 (2.4) | 30 (1.7) | 27 (1.6) | 29 (1.1) | 35 (2.3) |
Stroke | 6 (0.4) | 10 (0.3) | 11 (0.6) | 8 (0.5) | 10 (0.4) | 3 (0.2) |
Diabetes | 62 (4.1) | 186 (5.5) | 65 (3.6) | 74 (4.5) | 101 (3.7) | 85 (5.6) |
Cancer | 25 (1.7) | 74 (2.2) | 25 (1.4) | 30 (1.8) | 34 (1.3) | 34 (2.3) |