Diet quality from mid to late life and its association with physical frailty in late life in a cohort of Chinese adults

Table 3 Associations between changes in DASH¹ scores from baseline to follow-up 3 and physical frailty

	Change in DASH scores categories
	Consistently low (< 3% change and ≤ median DASH at both timepoints)	Large decrease (> 10% decrease)	Small decrease (3–10% decrease)	Small increase (3–10% increase)	Large increase (> 10% increase)	Consistently high (< 3% change and > median DASH at both timepoints)
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Cases / N	243/1512	628/3377	298/1820	217/1659	309/2699	171/1513
Model 1 ²	1.00	1.09 (0.92, 1.30)	1.01 (0.83, 1.23)	0.83 (0.68, 1.03)	0.73 (0.60, 0.88)	0.71 (0.57, 0.89)
Model 2 ³	1.00	1.13 (0.95, 1.35)	1.06 (0.87, 1.29)	0.86 (0.70, 1.06)	0.76 (0.63, 0.92)	0.74 (0.59, 0.92)
Model 3 ⁴	1.00	1.12 (0.94, 1.35)	1.10 (0.90, 1.35)	0.86 (0.70, 1.07)	0.78 (0.64, 0.95)	0.74 (0.59, 0.94)

¹ DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
² Model 1: adjusted for age at physical tests (years), gender, dialect group (Hokkien, Cantonese), level of education (none, primary, secondary, A-level/university)
³ Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 and the following variables at baseline: hypertension, angina or heart attack, stroke, diabetes, cancer, alcohol consumption (none, monthly, weekly, daily), smoking history (never, former, current), body mass index (< 18.5, 18.5–22.9, 23.0–27.4, 27.5 + kg/m²), amount of sleep per day (≤ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 + hours), amount of strenuous sports per week (0, 0.5-1, 2–3, 4 + hours), amount of vigorous work per week (0, 0.5-3, 4–6, 7 + hours), amount of moderate activity per week (0, 0.5-1, 2–3, 4–6, 7 + hours), daily energy intake (kcal)
⁴ Model 3: adjusted for Model 1 and the following variables at baseline: alcohol consumption, smoking history, body mass index, amount of sleep per day, weekly amount of strenuous sports, vigorous work, moderate activity, daily energy intake; the following variables at follow-up 2: alcohol consumption (none/monthly, weekly, daily) and amount of physical activity per week (0, 0.5-4, 4 + hours); and the following variables at follow-up 3: smoking history, body mass index, amount of sleep per day, and new cases of cancer, hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, diabetes

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