Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in main analysis
Characteristics | Overall (n = 390,277) | Fish oil non-users (n = 267,448) | Fish oil users (n = 122,829) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 56.14 ± 8.10 | 55.13 ± 8.18 | 58.34 ± 7.48 | < 0.001 |
Sex |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Male | 182,804 (46.84) | 127,891 (47.82) | 54,913 (44.71) |  |
 Female | 207,473 (53.16) | 139,557 (52.18) | 67,916 (55.29) |  |
Race |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 White | 372,437 (95.43) | 254,713 (95.24) | 117,724 (95.84) |  |
 Non-White | 17,840 (4.57) | 12,735 (4.76) | 5105 (4.16) |  |
Education |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Higher | 244,644 (62.68) | 170,226 (63.65) | 74,418 (60.59) |  |
 Upper secondary | 22,477 (5.76) | 15,456 (5.78) | 7021 (5.72) |  |
 Lower secondary | 65,764 (16.85) | 44,650 (16.69) | 21,114 (17.19) |  |
 Others | 57,392 (14.71) | 37,116 (13.88) | 20,276 (16.51) |  |
Townsend deprivation index | -1.45 ± 3.00 | -1.37 ± 3.04 | -1.63 ± 2.90 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 <18.5 | 1936 (0.50) | 1399 (0.52) | 537 (0.44) |  |
 18.5–24.9 | 129,605 (33.21) | 87,402 (32.68) | 42,203 (34.36) |  |
 25-29.9 | 166,931 (42.77) | 113,173 (42.32) | 53,758 (43.77) |  |
 ≥ 30 | 91,805 (23.52) | 65,474 (24.48) | 26,331 (21.44) |  |
Smoking status |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Current | 39,517 (10.13) | 29,743 (11.12) | 9774 (7.96) |  |
 Previous | 135,152 (34.63) | 88,523 (33.10) | 46,629 (37.96) |  |
 Never | 215,608 (55.24) | 149,182 (55.78) | 66,426 (54.08) |  |
Alcohol drinking status |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Current | 362,739 (92.94) | 247,907 (92.69) | 114,832 (93.49) |  |
 Previous | 12,860 (3.30) | 9042 (3.38) | 3818 (3.11) |  |
 Never | 14,678 (3.76) | 10,499 (3.93) | 4179 (3.40) |  |
Physical activity (min/week) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < 150 | 161,429 (41.36) | 116,203 (44.45) | 45,226 (36.82) |  |
 ≥ 150 | 228,848 (58.64) | 151,245 (56.55) | 77,603 (63.18) |  |
Vitamin supplementation | 124,255 (31.84) | 54,396 (20.34) | 69,859 (56.88) | < 0.001 |
Mineral supplementation | 47,522 (12.18) | 21,586 (8.07) | 25,936 (21.12) | < 0.001 |
NSAIDs use | 153,658 (39.37) | 101,725 (38.04) | 51,933 (42.28) | < 0.001 |
History of diabetes | 19,386 (4.97) | 13,638 (5.10) | 5748 (4.68) | < 0.001 |
History of hypertension | 110,060 (28.20) | 73,238 (27.38) | 36,822 (29.98) | < 0.001 |
History of hyperlipidemia | 66,756 (17.10) | 43,243 (16.17) | 23,513 (19.14) | < 0.001 |
UV radiation (hours/day) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < 3 | 141,297 (36.20) | 101,193 (37.84) | 40,104 (32.65) |  |
 ≥ 3 | 248,980 (63.80) | 166,255 (62.16) | 82,725 (67.35) |  |
Fruit (servings/day) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < 1.0 | 34,613 (8.87) | 27,704 (10.36) | 6909 (5.62) |  |
 1.0-2.9 | 210,775 (54.01) | 148,743 (55.62) | 62,032 (50.50) |  |
 ≥ 3.0 | 144,889 (37.12) | 91,001 (34.03) | 53,888 (43.87) |  |
Vegetable (servings/day) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 <1.0 | 67,675 (17.34) | 50,470 (18.87) | 17,205 (14.01) |  |
 1.0-2.9 | 288,753 (73.99) | 194,808 (72.84) | 93,945 (76.48) |  |
 ≥ 3.0 | 33,849 (8.67) | 22,170 (8.29) | 11,679 (9.51) |  |
Oily fish (times/week) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < 1 | 171,440 (43.93) | 127,440 (47.65) | 44,000 (35.82) |  |
 1 | 148,760 (38.12) | 97,682 (36.52) | 51,078 (41.58) |  |
 ≥ 2 | 70,077 (17.96) | 42,326 (15.83) | 27,751 (22.59) |  |
Non-oily fish (times/week) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < 1 | 130,766 (33.51) | 94,814 (35.45) | 35,952 (29.27) |  |
 1 | 195,620 (50.12) | 130,920 (48.95) | 64,700 (52.67) |  |
 ≥ 2 | 63,891 (16.37) | 41,714 (15.60) | 22,177 (18.06) |  |
Dairy (servings/day) | Â | Â | Â | 0.101 |
 < 2 | 390,088 (99.95) | 267,308 (99.95) | 122,780 (99.96) |  |
 ≥ 2 | 189 (0.05) | 140 (0.05) | 49 (0.04) |  |
Whole grain (servings/day) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < 1.0 | 160,861 (41.22) | 118,267 (44.22) | 42,594 (34.68) |  |
 1.0-2.9 | 174,848 (44.80) | 113,634 (42.49) | 61,214 (49.84) |  |
 ≥ 3.0 | 54,568 (13.98) | 35,547 (13.29) | 19,021 (15.49) |  |
Refined grain (servings/day) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 ≤ 2 | 321,689 (82.43) | 216,219 (80.85) | 105,470 (85.87) |  |
 > 2 | 68,588 (17.57) | 51,229 (19.15) | 17,359 (14.13) |  |
Vegetable oils (servings/day) | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 |
 < 2 | 300,342 (76.96) | 206,151 (77.08) | 94,191 (76.68) |  |
 ≥ 2 | 89,935 (23.04) | 61,297 (22.92) | 28,638 (23.32) |  |
Processed meat (servings/week) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 ≤ 1 | 268,174 (68.71) | 180,437 (67.47) | 87,737 (71.43) |  |
 > 1 | 122,103 (31.29) | 87,011 (32.53) | 35,092 (28.57) |  |
Unprocessed red meat (servings/week) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 ≤ 2 | 62,585 (16.04) | 43,932 (16.43) | 18,653 (15.19) |  |
 > 2 | 327,692 (83.96) | 223,932 (83.57) | 104,176 (84.81) |  |
Sugar-sweetened beverages consumer | 319,562 (81.88) | 222,504 (83.20) | 97,058 (79.02) | < 0.001 |
Healthy diet score |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 <5 | 319,738 (81.93) | 224,489 (83.94) | 95,249 (77.55) |  |
 ≥5 | 70,539 (18.07) | 42,959 (16.06) | 27,580 (22.45) |  |