Table 1 Characteristics of black participants by beverage intake frequency at enrollment, the CARDIAa study
Any Combo of HFCSb sweetened Soft Drinks and Fruit Drinks | 100% Citrus / Orange Juicec | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall No. = 2185 | No. | 301 | 578 | 685 | 621 | 545 | 544 | 541 | 555 |
Intake Frequencies | ≤ 2 times/wk | > 2/wk -6/wk | > 6/wk—twice/d | > twice/d -13/d | ≤ twice/wk | 3/wk 5/wk | > 5/wk -1.5/d | > 1.5/d 6/d | |
Normalized to 1/cup | |||||||||
Education Years (Mean) (SD) | 13.5 ± 1.8 | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 13.1 ± 1.7 | 12.8 ± 1.6 | 12.9 ± 1.7 | 13.1 ± 1.7 | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 13.2 ± 1.7 | |
Active / former smoker (%) | 39.7 | 36.7 | 41.0 | 45.7 | 45.0 | 42.1 | 39.9 | 37.3 | |
BMI (kg/m) (Mean) (SD) | 26.0 ± 5.6 | 25.1 ± 5.1 | 25.3 ± 5.7 | 25.6 ± 5.7 | 25.4 ± 5.6 | 25.5 ± 6.0 | 25.0 ± 5.0 | 25.7 ± 5.5 | |
Energy (kcal) (Mean) (SD) | 2150 ± 983 | 2360 ± 988 | 2660 ± 999 | 3100 ± 978 | 2300 ± 1010 | 2510 ± 995 | 2730 ± 1010 | 2990 ± 1030 | |
Fruit & vegetable mean serv/d (SD) | 5.3 ± 3.8 | 5.2 ± 3.8 | 5.2 ± 3.6 | 5.5 ± 4.1 | 3.3 ± 2.9 | 4.1 ± 2.7 | 5.6 ± 3.2 | 8.2 ± 4.3 | |
Alcohol servings/d (Mean) (SD) | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 1.2 | 0.5 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | |
Frequency/wk of fast-food visits (SD) | 1.6 ± 1.9 | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 2.0 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 2.0 ± 2.1 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | |
Physical Activity Score (SD) | 355 ± 272 | 351 ± 289 | 366 ± 299 | 364 ± 289 | 295 ± 253 | 332 ± 272 | 400 ± 309 | 411 ± 306 | |
Self-reported | |||||||||
Hypertension/Med Use (%) | 3.3 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 3.4 | |
Serum Triglycerides (%) | |||||||||
Borderline High (150–199 mg/dL) | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.0 | |
High (≥ 200 mg/dL) | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | |
Hyperuricemia (%) | |||||||||
(> 7.0 mg/dL men, > 6.0 mg/dL women) | 9.6 | 9.3 | 11.2 | 13.7 | 9.0 | 13.1 | 12.9 | 9.9 | |
Hypercholesterolemia (%) | |||||||||
≥ 190 mg/dL | 7.6 | 7.8 | 7.0 | 8.7 | 6.8 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 8.3 | |
Hyperglycemia (%) | |||||||||
Pre-diabetes 100–125 mg/dL | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 2.2 | |
Diabetes (≥ 126 mg/dL) | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.5 | |
Hyperinsulinemia (≥ 25 mcU/ML) | 7.3 | 7.8 | 7.0 | 10.5 | 8.6 | 9.6 | 6.7 | 8.1 | |
Apolipoprotein B to A1 Ratio (%) | |||||||||
Higher CVD risk (> 0.9 /men, > 0.8 mg/dL / women) | 14.6 | 15.7 | 16.5 | 16.6 | 14.7 | 16.7 | 15.2 | 17.7 | |