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Table 4 Cardiovascular diseaseb risk according to beverage consumption among black participants, the CARDIA studyc

From: Disproportionately higher cardiovascular disease risk and incidence with high fructose corn syrup sweetened beverage intake among black young adults–the CARDIA study

Cox Proportional Hazards

Hazard Ratios (HR)

No.

HR

Model 1 95% CI

P-value

P for Trend

HR

Model 2 95% CI

P-value

P for Trend

HR

Model 3 95% CI

P-value

P for Trend

No. Cases

IR per (1000)

Person Time Years

Cases P/1000 P/y

any combination of HFCSd sweetened non-diet soda and fruit drinks

 

HR– adjusted for agee, sex, total energy intake, education, BMI, hypertension, LDL-C,f hypertension medicine use, TG,g uric acid, apoB,h insulin, and plasma glucose concentration

HR– further adjusted for physical activity, alcohol, fruit, vegetable intake frequency, frequency/wk of fast-food visits, smoking status (active/former vs. never)

HR-further adjusted for intake of other beveragesa

  

n = 2186

n = 2185

aadjusted for 100% citrus and non-citrus juice intake

n = 2185

  ≤ 2 times/wk

301

Reference -------

Reference -------

Reference -------

18

59.8

9714

1.9

  > 2 – 6 times/wk

578

1.98

1.12 – 3.51

0.019*

 

2.05

1.16 – 3.65

0.014*

 

2.07

1.16 – 3.67

0.013*

 

56

96.9

18563

3.0

  > 6/wk – 2/d

685

1.38

0.77 – 2.48

0.279

 

1.44

0.80 – 2.60

0.219

 

1.45

0.81 – 2.61

0.210

 

51

74.5

21780

2.3

  > 2 – 13 times/d

621

1.84

1.01 – 3.32

0.045*

0.12

1.92

1.05 – 3.50

0.033*

0.09 ~ 

1.96

1.08 – 3.57

0.028*

0.08 ~ 

61

98.2

19531

3.1

100% Citrus Juice (Orange Juice)i

    

aadjusted for intake of any combination of HFCSd sweetened beverages and 100% non-citrus juices

  ≤ 2 – times/wk

545

Reference -------

Reference -------

Reference -------

46

84.4

17435

2.6

  > 2 – 5 times/wk

544

1.10

0.73 – 1.66

0.641

 

1.17

0.77 – 1.77

0.459

 

1.16

0.77 – 1.77

0.478

 

54

99.3

17318

3.1

  > 5/wk – 1.5/d

541

0.86

0.55 – 1.35

0.508

 

0.91

0.57 – 1.43

0.676

 

0.94

0.60 – 1.47

0.780

 

42

77.6

17151

2.4

  > 1.5—8/d

555

0.87

0.57 – 1.33

0.521

0.33

0.95

0.60 – 1.49

0.815

0.57

0.93

0.58 – 1.48

0.752

0.56

44

79.3

17683

2.5

  1. *Asterisks indicate statistical significance
  2.  ~ This symbol indicates results approached statistical significance
  3. abeverages that were included in model 3 analyses
  4. bCVD—was defined as the first event of definite or probable (fatal/non-fatal) coronary heart disease (CHD); including myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris, and death due to coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, transient ischemic attack, heart failure, or peripheral artery disease from 1985 (mean age 24.5 y) through approximately 35 years of follow-up
  5. cCARDIA Study—Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study
  6. dHFCS – high fructose corn syrup which contains more excess-free-fructose and higher fructose-to-glucose ratios than safe, as measured by independent labs, i.e., 5 – 9 of unpaired / excess-free-fructose g / 250 ml [20, 60, 61]
  7. eAge – a 2-level variable defined as 18–24 and 25–30 y
  8. fLow density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) serum concentration – a continuous variable
  9. gSerum triglyceride concentration (a continuous variable)
  10. hSerum apolipoprotein B concentration (a continuous variable)
  11. iOrange juice—a low excess-free-fructose juice (0.4 g / 250 ml)
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Nutrition Journal

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