Nutrition Journal

Table 5 Cardiovascular disease^b risk according to beverage consumption among white participants, the CARDIA study^c

From: Disproportionately higher cardiovascular disease risk and incidence with high fructose corn syrup sweetened beverage intake among black young adults–the CARDIA study

Cox Proportional Hazards Hazard Ratios (HR)	No.	HR	Model 1 95% CI	P-value	P for Trend	HR	Model 2 95% CI	P-value	P for Trend	HR	Model 3 95% CI	P-value	P for Trend	No. Cases	IR per (1000)	Person Time Years	Cases P/1000 P/y
any combination of HFCS^d sweetened non-diet soda and fruit drinks		HR– adjusted for age^e, sex, total energy intake, education, BMI, hypertension, LDL-C,^f hypertension medicine use, TG,^g uric acid, apoB,^h insulin, and plasma glucose concentration				HR– further adjusted for physical activity, alcohol, fruit, vegetable intake frequency, frequency/wk of fast-food visits, smoking status (active/former, vs. never)				HR-further adjusted for intake of other beverages^a
		n = 2277				n = 2273				^aadjusted for 100% citrus and non-citrus juices n = 2273
≤ 1.5 times/wk	905	Reference -------				Reference -------				Reference -------				34	37.6	29743	1.1
> 1.5 /wk – once/d	609	0.91	0.53 – 1.55	0.724		0.88	0.51 – 1.50	0.634		0.88	0.52 – 1.50	0.646		25	41.1	20151	1.2
> 1/d – twice/d	435	1.45	0.86 – 2.43	0.165		1.32	0.78 – 2.21	0.301		1.31	0.78 – 2.20	0.310		32	73.6	14079	2.3
> twice/d—8/d	324	1.58	0.90 – 2.77	0.113	0.04	1.28	0.72 – 2.27	0.401	0.21	1.28	0.73 – 2.26	0.394	0.22	28	86.4	10438	2.7
100% Citrus Juice (Orange Juice)ⁱ										^aadjusted for intake of any combination of HFCS^d sweetened Beverages and 100% non-citrus juices
≤ 2 – times/wk	621	Reference -------				Reference -------				Reference -------				41	66.0	20193	2.0
> 2 – 5 times/wk	615	0.60	0.36 – 0.99	0.048^*		0.66	0.40 – 1.11	0.120		0.69	0.41 – 1.15	0.157		25	40.7	20164	1.2
> 5/wk – 1.5/d	573	0.80	0.48 – 1.34	0.400		1.03	0.61 – 1.74	0.919		1.04	0.61 – 1.77	0.883		29	50.6	18826	1.5
> 1.5/d—6/d	464	0.75	0.44 – 1.28	0.299	0.53	1.12	0.63 – 1.98	0.705	0.42	1.10	0.62 – 1.96	0.740	0.46	24	51.7	15228	1.6

^*Asterisks indicate statistical significance
~ indicates results approached statistical significance
^abeverages that were included in model 3 analyses
^bCVD—was defined as the first event of definite or probable (fatal/non-fatal) coronary heart disease (CHD); including myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris, and death due to coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, transient ischemic attack, heart failure, or peripheral artery disease from 1985 (mean age 24.5 y) through approximately 35 years of follow-up
^cCARDIA Study—Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study
^dHFCS – high fructose corn syrup which contains more excess-free-fructose and higher fructose-to-glucose ratios than safe, as measured by independent labs, i.e., 5 – 9 of unpaired / excess-free-fructose g / 250 ml [20, 60, 61]
^eAge – a 2-level variable defined as 18–24 and 25–30 y
^fLow density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) serum concentration – a continuous variable
^gSerum triglyceride concentration (a continuous variable)
^hSerum apolipoprotein B concentration (a continuous variable)
ⁱOrange juice—a low excess-free-fructose juice (0.4 g / 250 ml)

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