Table 1 Baseline clinical features of enrolled CKD patients
Variable | Total (N = 4264) | Non-LPD (≥ 0.8 g/kg/day) (n = 2243) | LPD (< 0.8 g/kg/day) (n = 2021) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 61.04(0.36) | 60.31(0.49) | 61.88(0.51) | 0.02 |
Sex (%) | 0.005 | |||
Female | 56.67(0.02) | 53.80(1.66) | 59.98(1.52) | |
Male | 43.33(0.02) | 46.20(1.66) | 40.02(1.52) | |
Ethnicity (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Mexican American | 7.22(0.01) | 8.07(1.10) | 6.23(0.81) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 12.36(0.01) | 10.25(1.07) | 14.78(1.26) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 68.24(0.03) | 68.17(1.95) | 68.33(1.82) | |
Other Hispanic | 4.81(0.00) | 5.43(0.67) | 4.09(0.52) | |
Other ethnicity - Including Multi-Racial | 7.38(0.01) | 8.07(0.86) | 6.57(0.82) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | |||
<30 | 23.00(0.01) | 32.36(1.34) | 12.19(1.04) | |
≥30 | 77.00(0.02) | 67.64(1.34) | 87.81(1.04) | |
Energy intake (kcal/kg/day) | 24.09(0.26) | 30.47(0.37) | 16.74(0.20) | < 0.001 |
Energy intake (kcal/kg/day) | < 0.001 | |||
< 25 | 61.60(0.02) | 36.94(1.59) | 90.05(0.93) | |
25–35 | 23.94(0.01) | 36.90(1.60) | 8.98(0.96) | |
≥ 35 | 14.46(0.01) | 26.15(1.33) | 0.97(0.38) | |
Energy intake greater than the equation-based REE (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 31.57(0.01) | 9.89(0.82) | 56.59(1.67) | |
Yes | 68.43(0.02) | 90.11(0.82) | 43.41(1.67) | |
Protein intake (g/kg/day) | 0.92(0.01) | 1.24(0.01) | 0.54(0.01) | < 0.001 |
LPD (g/kg/day) (%) | ||||
<0.8 | 46.43(0.02) | 0.00(0.00) | 100.00(0.00) | |
≥0.8 | 53.57(0.02) | 100.00(0.00) | 0.00(0.00) | |
Very low protein diet (g/kg/day) (%) | < 0.001 | |||
≥0.6 | 73.33(0.03) | 100.00(0.00) | 42.67(1.77) | |
<0.6 | 26.67(0.01) | 0.00(0.00) | 57.33(1.77) | |
Carbohydrate | 2.90(0.03) | 3.54(0.05) | 2.17(0.03) | < 0.001 |
Low-carbohydrate diet (%) | 0.37 | |||
No | 97.73(0.03) | 98.07(0.45) | 97.35(0.63) | |
Yes | 2.27(0.00) | 1.93(0.45) | 2.65(0.63) | |
Fat (g/kg/day) | 0.93(0.01) | 1.20(0.02) | 0.62(0.01) | < 0.001 |
Low-fat diet (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 69.22(0.02) | 74.94(1.21) | 62.62(1.65) | |
Yes | 30.78(0.01) | 25.06(1.21) | 37.38(1.65) | |
Low-fat and carbohydrate diet (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 99.72(0.03) | 99.90(0.07) | 99.51(0.26) | |
Yes | 0.28(0.01) | 0.10(0.07) | 0.49(0.26) | |
Low-LPD and fat and carbohydrate diet (%) | 0.047 | |||
No | 99.77(0.03) | 100.00(0.00) | 99.51(0.26) | |
Yes | 0.23(0.00) | 0.00(0.00) | 0.49(0.26) | |
Alcohol use (%) | 0.19 | |||
No | 15.31(0.01) | 14.46(0.92) | 16.28(1.16) | |
Yes | 84.69(0.03) | 85.54(0.92) | 83.72(1.16) | |
Smoke (%) | 0.01 | |||
No | 51.33(0.02) | 54.30(1.66) | 47.91(1.71) | |
Yes | 48.67(0.02) | 45.70(1.66) | 52.09(1.71) | |
ACR (mg/g) | 0.19 | |||
<30 | 33.30(0.02) | 31.84(1.37) | 34.98(1.66) | |
30–300 | 56.75(0.02) | 58.38(1.43) | 54.87(1.68) | |
≥300 | 9.95(0.01) | 9.78(0.89) | 10.15(0.82) | |
e-GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | < 0.001 | |||
≥90 | 30.63(0.01) | 34.39(1.35) | 26.28(1.37) | |
60–89 | 21.41(0.01) | 21.45(1.31) | 21.37(1.36) | |
30–59 | 44.60(0.02) | 41.84(1.41) | 47.78(1.70) | |
15–29 | 3.00(0.00) | 2.01(0.29) | 4.15(0.52) | |
< 15 | 0.36(0.00) | 0.30(0.11) | 0.42(0.14) | |
Serum albumin (g/L) | 0.01 | |||
≥35 | 97.52(0.03) | 98.29(0.30) | 96.63(0.61) | |
<35 | 2.48(0.00) | 1.71(0.30) | 3.37(0.61) | |
Hypertension (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 31.90(0.02) | 36.27(1.54) | 26.86(1.63) | |
Yes | 68.10(0.02) | 63.73(1.54) | 73.14(1.63) | |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 64.62(0.02) | 71.08(1.45) | 57.17(1.53) | |
Yes | 35.38(0.01) | 28.92(1.45) | 42.83(1.53) | |
Anemia (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 85.22(0.03) | 88.04(0.91) | 81.96(1.09) | |
Yes | 14.78(0.01) | 11.96(0.91) | 18.04(1.09) | |
Hyperlipidemia (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 18.37(0.01) | 21.77(1.27) | 14.44(1.24) | |
Yes | 81.63(0.03) | 78.23(1.27) | 85.56(1.24) |