Table 2 Baseline clinical features of enrolled CKD patients on a LPD

Energy intake (kcal/kg/day)

16.74(0.20)

10.15(0.13)

16.00(0.08)

23.72(0.26)

< 0.001

Age (years)

61.88(0.51)

61.51(0.86)

63.02(0.73)

61.13(1.02)

0.19

Sex (%)

0.47

 Female

59.98(0.03)

61.57(2.52)

57.39(2.62)

60.98(2.70)

 Male

40.02(0.02)

38.43(2.52)

42.61(2.62)

39.02(2.70)

Ethnicity (%)

0.55

 Mexican American

6.23(0.01)

5.99(1.20)

6.32(1.13)

6.38(1.13)

 Non-Hispanic Black

14.78(0.01)

16.90(1.88)

14.11(1.38)

13.42(1.53)

 Non-Hispanic White

68.33(0.04)

67.88(2.36)

67.49(2.21)

69.56(2.62)

 Other Hispanic

4.09(0.00)

3.66(0.81)

4.96(0.91)

3.65(0.75)

 Other ethnicity - Including Multi-Racial

6.57(0.01)

5.56(0.98)

7.13(1.15)

6.99(1.17)

BMI (kg/m²)

< 0.001

 <30

23.00(0.01)

8.38(0.92)

17.20(1.29)

42.13(1.71)

 ≥30

77.00(0.02)

91.62(0.92)

82.80(1.29)

57.87(1.71)

Alcohol use (%)

0.06

 No

16.28(0.01)

19.85(2.38)

13.01(1.71)

16.06(1.83)

 Yes

83.72(0.04)

80.15(2.38)

86.99(1.71)

83.94(1.83)

Smoke (%)

0.45

 No

47.91(0.02)

47.27(2.85)

45.72(3.04)

50.63(2.72)

 Yes

52.09(0.03)

52.73(2.85)

54.28(3.04)

49.37(2.72)

ACR (mg/g)

0.09

 <30

34.98(0.02)

32.75(2.79)

34.24(2.87)

37.81(2.52)

 30–300

54.87(0.02)

56.59(3.28)

52.38(3.01)

55.64(2.49)

 ≥300

10.15(0.01)

10.66(1.85)

13.38(2.10)

6.56(1.15)

e-GFR (ml/min/1.73m²) (%)

0.02

 ≥90

26.28(0.02)

21.84(2.22)

26.73(2.58)

30.07(2.75)

 60–89

21.37(0.02)

23.02(2.32)

22.81(2.39)

18.41(1.94)

 30–59

47.78(0.03)

48.20(2.87)

46.64(2.67)

48.48(2.66)

 15–29

4.15(0.01)

6.72(1.18)

3.20(0.75)

2.62(0.60)

 < 15

0.42(0.00)

0.22(0.11)

0.62(0.23)

0.41(0.30)

Serum albumin (g/L)

0.64

 <35

3.37(0.01)

3.76(0.84)

3.59(0.93)

2.79(0.87)

 ≥35

96.63(0.04)

96.24(0.84)

96.41(0.93)

97.21(0.87)

Hypertension (%)

0.01

 No

26.86(0.02)

25.64(2.83)

21.54(2.34)

33.17(2.96)

 Yes

73.14(0.03)

74.36(2.83)

78.46(2.34)

66.83(2.96)

Diabetes mellitus (%)

< 0.001

 No

57.17(0.03)

49.55(2.84)

51.53(3.09)

69.87(2.33)

 Yes

42.83(0.02)

50.45(2.84)

48.47(3.09)

30.13(2.33)

Anemia (%)

0.87

 No

81.96(0.04)

81.39(1.88)

81.78(2.13)

82.69(1.52)

 Yes

18.04(0.01)

18.61(1.88)

18.22(2.13)

17.31(1.52)

Hyperlipidemia (%)

0.08

 No

14.44(0.01)

12.39(1.71)

13.34(1.80)

17.46(2.03)

 Yes

85.56(0.04)

87.61(1.71)

86.66(1.80)

82.54(2.03)

RAASi

0.65

 No

80.80(0.03)

80.26(2.38)

79.54(2.28)

82.54(2.24)

 Yes

19.20(0.01)

19.74(2.38)

20.46(2.28)

17.46(2.24)

CVD

0.03

 No

70.70(0.03)

70.88(2.38)

66.08(2.51)

74.99(2.10)

 Yes

29.30(0.02)

29.12(2.38)

33.92(2.51)

25.01(2.10)

Cardiovascular mortality [%(n)] (unweighted)

6.6(133/2021)

6.9(47/674)

7.7(52/673)

5.0(34/674)