Fig. 3

Main pairwise meta-analysis including all eligible studies based on random-effects model. Forest plot of the summary risk ratios comparing proportions of participants with one or more ARIs between intervention and control groups. In the comparison of vitamin D higher doses vs placebo, there were two or more levels of vitamin D doses in each included study; only the group with highest vitamin D dose and the placebo in each study were selected for pooling. In the comparison of vitamin D higher vs lower doses, there were no placebo control group in included studies; the two groups with different vitamin D doses in each study were selected for pooling. CI: confidence interval; DL: DerSimonian and Laird random effects model; n: number of participants with one or more ARI; N:total number of participants in the study group