Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants with MetS in NHANES 2003 to 2018

Gender, n(%)

< 0.001

Male

4376 (50.05)

697 (32.33)

880 (40.07)

1197 (54.33)

1602 (73.18)

Female

4368 (49.95)

1459 (67.67)

1316 (59.93)

1006 (45.67)

587 (26.82)

Race, n(%)

< 0.001

Mexican

1544 (17.66)

438 (20.32)

376 (17.12)

370 (16.80)

360 (16.45)

Hispanics

811 ( 9.27)

233 (10.81)

215 ( 9.79)

180 ( 8.17)

183 ( 8.36)

Non-Hispanic White

4144 (47.39)

896 (41.56)

1051 (47.86)

1101 (49.98)

1096 (50.07)

Non-Hispanic Black

1674 (19.14)

461 (21.38)

404 (18.40)

422 (19.16)

387 (17.68)

Others

571 ( 6.53)

128 ( 5.94)

150 ( 6.83)

130 ( 5.90)

163 ( 7.45)

Age, years, n(%)

< 0.001

<30

1574 (18 )

291 (13.50)

345 (15.71)

406 (18.43)

532 (24.30)

30–60

3010 (34.42)

587 (27.23)

714 (32.51)

771 (35 )

938 (42.85)

>60

4160 (47.58)

1278 (59.28)

1137 (51.78)

1026 (46.57)

719 (32.85)

BMI, kg/m2, n(%)

< 0.001

<25

503 ( 5.75)

159 ( 7.37)

141 ( 6.42)

113 ( 5.13)

90 ( 4.11)

25–30

2472 (28.27)

657 (30.47)

631 (28.73)

613 (27.83)

571 (26.08)

>30

5769 (65.98)

1340 (62.15)

1424 (64.85)

1477 (67.04)

1528 (69.80)

Education, n(%)

< 0.001

Less than high school

2650 (30.31)

902 (41.84)

667 (30.37)

594 (26.96)

487 (22.25)

High school

2208 (25.25)

512 (23.75)

562 (25.59)

561 (25.47)

573 (26.18)

Some college or above

3886 (44.44)

742 (34.42)

967 (44.03)

1048 (47.57)

1129 (51.58)

Drinking status

< 0.001

Yes

5825 (66.62)

1204 (55.84)

1396 (63.57)

1568 (71.18)

1657 (75.70)

No

2919 (33.38)

952 (44.16)

800 (36.43)

635 (28.82)

532 (24.30)

Smoking status (%)

< 0.001

Yes

1495 (17.10)

375 (17.39)

364 (16.58)

379 (17.20)

377 (17.22)

No

7249 (82.90)

1781 (82.61)

1832 (83.42)

1824 (82.80)

1812 (82.78)

Diabetes, n(%)

< 0.001

Yes

2450 (28.02)

678 (31.45)

636 (28.96)

613 (27.83)

523 (23.89)

No

6294 (71.98)

1478 (68.55)

1560 (71.04)

1590 (72.17)

1666 (76.11)

Hypertension (%)

< 0.001

Yes

7268 (83.12)

1854 (85.99)

1808 (82.33)

1784 (80.98)

1822 (83.23)

No

1476 (16.88)

302 (14.01)

388 (17.67)

419 (19.02)

367 (16.77)

CVD, n(%)

< 0.001

Yes

1702 (19.46)

530 (24.58)

458 (20.86)

392 (17.79)

322 (14.71)

No

7042 (80.54)

1626 (75.42)

1738 (79.14)

1811 (82.21)

1867 (85.29)

CKD, n(%)

< 0.001

Yes

475 ( 5.43)

167 ( 7.75)

128 ( 5.83)

109 ( 4.95)

71 ( 3.24)

No

8269 (94.57)

1989 (92.25)

2068 (94.17)

2094 (95.05)

2118 (96.76)

HbA1c, %, M (Q₁, Q₃)

5.9 [5.5, 6.6]

6.0[5.5, 6.7]

5.9 [5.5, 6.6]

5.8 [5.5, 6.6]

5.800 [5.4, 6.4]

< 0.001

FBG, mg/dl, M (Q₁, Q₃)

114.0 [102.0, 133.0]

115.2[103.0, 136.0]

115.0 [102.0, 135.0]

114.0 [102.0, 132.0]

113.0 [101.0, 130.0]

0.0026

WC, cm, M (Q₁, Q₃)

109.5 [102.2, 119.4]

107.2 [99.8, 118.1]

109. 0 [100.8, 118.0]

109.7 [102.9, 119.2]

111.5 [104.3, 122.6]

< 0.001

HDL-C, mmol/L, M (Q₁, Q₃)

1.2 (1.0, 1.4)

1.1 (1.0, 1.4)

1.2 (1.0, 1.4)

1.2 (1.0, 1.4)

1.1 (1.0, 1.3)

0.236

LDL-C, mmol/L, M (Q₁, Q₃)

2.9 (2.3, 3.6)

2.9 (2.3, 3.6)

2.9 (2.3, 3.6)

2.9 (2.2, 3.6)

2.9 (2.3, 3.5)

0.761

TC, mmol/L, M (Q₁, Q₃)

5.0 (4.2, 5.7)

5.0 (4.2, 5.8)

5.0 (4.2, 5.7)

4.9 (4.2, 5.8)

5.0 (4.2, 5.7)

0.82

TG, mmol/L, M (Q₁, Q₃)

1.8 (1.3, 2.5)

1.8 (1.2, 2.3)

1.8 (1.3, 2.4)

1.9 (1.3, 2.5)

1.9 (1.3, 2.6)

< 0.001

AST, U/L, M (Q₁, Q₃)

23 [19, 29]

23 [19, 28]

23 [19, 27]

23 [19, 28 0]

25 [20, 30 0]

< 0.001

ALT, U/L, M (Q₁, Q₃)

23 [17, 32]

20 [15, 28 ]

22 [17, 29 ]

24 [18, 32]

27 [20, 37]

< 0.001

Creatine, mg/dl, M (Q₁, Q₃)

0.890 [0.730, 1.050]

0.850 [0.700, 1.050]

0.860 [0.720, 1.040]

0.900 [0.740, 1.060]

0.900 [0.770, 1.050]

< 0.001