Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants by dietary pattern scores among pregnant women in Shanghai, China
From: Maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and birth weight: a prospective cohort study
| Â | Â | Plant-based dietary pattern | Animal-based dietary pattern | Processed food and beverage dietary pattern | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P | |
N | 4184 | 1395 | 1394 | 1395 | Â | 1395 | 1394 | 1395 | Â | 1395 | 1394 | 1395 | Â |
Maternal age, mean (SD), years | 29.5 (4.4) | 29.5 (4.4) | 29.6 (4.5) | 29.4 (4.2) | 0.428 | 29.1 (4.4) | 29.7 (4.4) | 29.8 (4.3) | < 0.001 | 29.5 (4.4) | 29.6 (4.3) | 29.4 (4.4) | 0.630 |
Maternal domicile place, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | 0.012 |  |  |  | 0.045 |
 North China | 699 (16.7) | 185 (13.3) | 220 (15.8) | 294 (21.1) |  | 263 (18.9) | 233 (16.7) | 203 (14.6) |  | 239 (17.1) | 228 (16.4) | 232 (16.6) |  |
 Shanghai surrounding area | 2727 (65.2) | 942 (67.5) | 927 (66.5) | 858 (61.5) |  | 864 (61.9) | 919 (65.9) | 944 (67.7) |  | 931 (66.7) | 879 (63.1) | 917 (65.7) |  |
 South China | 758 (18.1) | 268 (19.2) | 247 (17.7) | 243 (17.4) |  | 268 (19.2) | 242 (17.4) | 248 (17.8) |  | 225 (16.1) | 287 (20.6) | 246 (17.6) |  |
Baseline season, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | 0.033 |
 Spring/winter | 814 (19.5) | 287 (20.6) | 256 (18.4) | 271 (19.4) |  | 360 (25.8) | 280 (20.1) | 174 (12.5) |  | 262 (18.8) | 299 (21.4) | 253 (18.1) |  |
 Summer | 1334 (31.9) | 394 (28.2) | 436 (31.3) | 504 (36.1) |  | 418 (30.0) | 426 (30.6) | 490 (35.1) |  | 421 (30.2) | 437 (31.3) | 476 (34.1) |  |
 Autumn | 2036 (48.7) | 714 (51.2) | 702 (50.4) | 620 (44.4) |  | 617 (44.2) | 688 (49.4) | 731 (52.4) |  | 712 (51.0) | 658 (47.2) | 666 (47.7) |  |
Maternal parity, multiparous, n (%) | 1735 (41.5) | 581 (41.6) | 558 (40.0) | 596 (42.7) | 0.347 | 573 (41.1) | 592 (42.5) | 570 (40.9) | 0.646 | 531 (38.1) | 564 (40.5) | 640 (45.9) | < 0.001 |
Gestational periods, n (%) |  |  |  |  | 0.019 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | 0.106 |
 First trimester | 1387 (33.2) | 505 (36.2) | 456 (32.7) | 426 (30.5) |  | 498 (35.7) | 494 (35.4) | 395 (28.3) |  | 430 (30.8) | 463 (33.2) | 494 (35.4) |  |
 Second trimester | 1627 (38.9) | 517 (37.1) | 533 (38.2) | 577 (41.4) |  | 576 (41.3) | 509 (36.5) | 542 (38.9) |  | 549 (39.4) | 547 (39.2) | 531 (38.1) |  |
 Third trimester | 1170 (28.0) | 373 (26.7) | 405 (29.1) | 392 (28.1) |  | 321 (23.0) | 391 (28.0) | 458 (32.8) |  | 416 (29.8) | 384 (27.5) | 370 (26.5) |  |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.352 | Â | Â | Â | 0.215 | Â | Â | Â | 0.014 |
 < 18.5 | 558 (13.3) | 205 (14.7) | 179 (12.8) | 174 (12.5) |  | 209 (15.0) | 171 (12.3) | 178 (12.8) |  | 185 (13.3) | 208 (14.9) | 165 (11.8) |  |
 18.5–23.9 | 2961 (70.8) | 967 (69.3) | 986 (70.7) | 1008 (72.3) |  | 978 (70.1) | 994 (71.3) | 989 (70.9) |  | 1000 (71.7) | 985 (70.7) | 976 (70.0) |  |
 ≥ 24.0 | 665 (15.9) | 223 (16.0) | 229 (16.4) | 213 (15.3) |  | 208 (14.9) | 229 (16.4) | 228 (16.3) |  | 210 (15.1) | 201 (14.4) | 254 (18.2) |  |
Household income, yuan/year, n (%) |  |  |  |  | 0.752 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | 0.108 |
 < 100 000 | 697 (16.7) | 237 (17.0) | 218 (15.6) | 242 (17.3) |  | 295 (21.1) | 204 (14.6) | 198 (14.2) |  | 225 (16.1) | 231 (16.6) | 241 (17.3) |  |
 100 000–350 000 | 2983 (71.3) | 992 (71.1) | 1001 (71.8) | 990 (71.0) |  | 967 (69.3) | 1007 (72.2) | 1009 (72.3) |  | 981 (70.3) | 1019 (73.1) | 983 (70.5) |  |
 ≥ 350 000 | 504 (12.0) | 166 (11.9) | 175 (12.6) | 163 (11.7) |  | 133 (9.5) | 183 (13.1) | 188 (13.5) |  | 189 (13.5) | 144 (10.3) | 171 (12.3) |  |
Maternal education, < 13 years, n (%) | 1277 (30.5) | 427 (30.6) | 405 (29.1) | 445 (31.9) | 0.263 | 495 (35.5) | 406 (29.1) | 376 (27.0) | < 0.001 | 396 (28.4) | 434 (31.1) | 447 (32.0) | 0.092 |
Passive smoking, no, n (%) | 2463 (58.9) | 858 (61.5) | 827 (59.3) | 778 (55.8) | 0.008 | 801 (57.4) | 854 (61.3) | 808 (57.9) | 0.081 | 907 (65.0) | 823 (59.0) | 733 (52.5) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol drinking status, no, n (%) | 3773 (90.2) | 1270 (91.0) | 1260 (90.4) | 1243 (89.1) | 0.217 | 1251 (89.7) | 1259 (90.3) | 1263 (90.5) | 0.730 | 1289 (92.4) | 1255 (90.0) | 1229 (88.1) | 0.001 |
Leisure-time physical activity, active, n (%) | 1698 (40.6) | 492 (35.3) | 587 (42.1) | 619 (44.4) | < 0.001 | 513 (36.8) | 581 (41.7) | 604 (43.3) | 0.001 | 535 (38.4) | 565 (40.5) | 598 (42.9) | 0.052 |
Multivitamin, yes, n (%) | 1742 (41.6) | 506 (36.3) | 613 (44.0) | 623 (44.7) | < 0.001 | 517 (37.1) | 578 (41.5) | 647 (46.4) | < 0.001 | 538 (38.6) | 595 (42.7) | 609 (43.7) | 0.015 |
Calcium, yes, n (%) | 1678 (40.1) | 499 (35.8) | 571 (41.0) | 608 (43.6) | < 0.001 | 561 (40.2) | 554 (39.7) | 563 (40.4) | 0.941 | 559 (40.1) | 555 (39.8) | 564 (40.4) | 0.946 |
Folic acid, yes, n (%) | 2589 (61.9) | 846 (60.6) | 846 (60.7) | 897 (64.3) | 0.074 | 913 (65.4) | 845 (60.6) | 831 (59.6) | 0.003 | 891 (63.9) | 846 (60.7) | 852 (61.1) | 0.168 |
Total energy intake, mean (SD), kcal/day | 1881.5 (720.9) | 1478.0 (541.0) | 1791.5 (545.1) | 2375.0 (744.9) | < 0.001 | 1574.4 (621.0) | 1766.6 (584.4) | 2303.6 (739.3) | < 0.001 | 1834.6 (664.0) | 1724.5 (640.4) | 2085.4 (800.1) | < 0.001 |
 Carbohydrate, E%, mean (SD) | 53.7 (8.6) | 49.7 (9.2) | 53.6 (7.3) | 57.9 (7.0) | < 0.001 | 53.6 (9.6) | 53.8 (8.1) | 53.7 (8.0) | 0.871 | 53.2 (8.6) | 53.1 (8.6) | 54.9 (8.4) | < 0.001 |
 Protein, E%, mean (SD) | 16.0 (4.7) | 15.2 (5.4) | 16.0 (4.2) | 16.7 (4.3) | < 0.001 | 12.4 (2.6) | 15.3 (2.6) | 20.2 (4.7) | < 0.001 | 16.1 (4.8) | 15.0 (4.3) | 16.7 (4.9) | < 0.001 |
 Fat, E%, mean (SD) | 30.2 (9.4) | 35.1 (10.1) | 30.4 (7.8) | 25.3 (7.3) | < 0.001 | 33.9 (10.4) | 30.8 (8.1) | 26.0 (7.7) | < 0.001 | 30.6 (9.1) | 31.9 (9.7) | 28.3 (8.9) | < 0.001 |
Infants sex, male, n (%) | 2145 (51.3) | 725 (52.0) | 725 (52.0) | 695 (49.8) | 0.417 | 696 (49.9) | 722 (51.8) | 727 (52.1) | 0.447 | 753 (54.0) | 709 (50.9) | 683 (49.0) | 0.028 |
Gestational age at birth, mean (SD), weeks | 38.9 (1.4) | 38.9 (1.3) | 38.9 (1.4) | 38.9 (1.4) | 0.750 | 39.0 (1.4) | 38.9 (1.3) | 38.9 (1.4) | 0.231 | 38.9 (1.4) | 39.0 (1.3) | 38.9 (1.4) | 0.312 |