Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to sex

Age, years

52.38 ± 12.57

53.27 ± 12.93

51.82 ± 12.31

< 0.001

Residential area

< 0.001

Urban

8418 (62.33)

3116 (59.83)

5302 (63.90)

Rural

5087 (37.67)

2092 (40.17)

2995 (36.10)

Educational level

< 0.001

Elementary school or below

2856 (21.19)

771 (14.83)

2085 (25.18)

Secondary school

7192 (53.35)

3035 (58.39)

4157 (50.19)

College or higher

3432 (25.46)

1392 (26.78)

2040 (24.63)

Smoking

< 0.001

Never

10261 (75.98)

2154 (41.36)

8107 (97.72)

Ever

940 (6.96)

895 (17.18)

45 (0.54)

Current

2303 (17.06)

2159 (41.46)

144 (1.74)

Drinking

< 0.001

Never

9658 (71.52)

2039 (39.16)

7619 (91.83)

Ever

572 (4.24)

486 (9.33)

86 (1.04)

Current

3274 (24.24)

2682 (51.51)

592 (7.14)

BMI, kg/m²

24.41 ± 3.45

24.94 ± 3.44

24.08 ± 3.42

< 0.001

BMI categories

< 0.001

Underweight

395 (2.92)

117 (2.25)

278 (3.35)

Normal weight

6050 (44.80)

1966 (37.75)

4084 (49.22)

Overweight or obesity

7060 (52.28)

3125 (60.00)

3935 (47.43)

Physical activity

< 0.001

Low

10394 (77.02)

3483 (66.93)

6911 (83.36)

Moderate

1454 (10.77)

857 (16.47)

597 (7.20)

High

1647 (12.20)

864 (16.60)

783 (9.44)

Menopause

—

—

4852 (58.48)

—

Fat-to-muscle mass ratio

Whole body

0.42 (0.31, 0.55)

0.30 (0.23, 0.36)

0.51 (0.42, 0.62)

< 0.001

Arm

0.33 (0.22, 0.48)

0.21 (0.17, 0.26)

0.44 (0.34, 0.55)

< 0.001

Leg

0.47 (0.32, 0.58)

0.30 (0.25, 0.34)

0.56 (0.49, 0.63)

< 0.001

Trunk

0.42 (0.31, 0.55)

0.32 (0.24, 0.40)

0.50 (0.39, 0.62)

< 0.001

Cardiometabolic risk factors

Hypertension

5011 (37.10)

2361 (45.33)

2650 (31.94)

< 0.001

Elevated blood glucose

2691 (19.93)

1298 (24.92)

1393 (16.79)

< 0.001

Dyslipidemia

6172 (45.70)

2652 (50.92)

3520 (42.42)

< 0.001

Insulin resistance

3388 (25.09)

1310 (25.15)

2078 (25.05)

0.888

Hyperuricemia

3502 (25.93)

1867 (35.85)

1635 (19.71)

< 0.001

≥ 2 risk factors

6088 (45.08)

2824 (54.22)

3264 (39.34)

< 0.001