Fig. 1

Linear association between tertiles of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) intake and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Values are β regression coefficients (and 95% confidence intervals) for BDNF concentration per one tertile increase in UPFs intake. Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex; Model 2: More adjustments for physical activity, history of high blood pressure, high triglyceride and high fasting blood glucose