Ultra-processed foods intake in relation to metabolic health status, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and adropin levels in adults

Table 3 Multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for metabolic unhealthy status across energy-adjusted tertiles of ultra-processed foods intake (n = 527)¹

	Tertiles of energy-adjusted ultra-processed foods intake ²
	T1 (n = 175)	T2 (n = 176)	T3 (n = 176)	P_trend³
Cases (n)	81	72	71
Crude	1.00	0.80 (0.53–1.23)	0.79 (0.51–1.20)	0.26
Model 1	1.00	1.44 (0.88–2.35)	1.72 (1.04–2.86)	0.04
Model 2	1.00	1.54 (0.89–2.68)	2.00 (1.11–3.61)	0.02
Model 3	1.00	1.47 (0.83–2.57)	1.88 (1.02–3.45)	0.04

¹All values are odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (bold values indicate statistically significant associations). Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, energy intake. Model 2: More adjustments for physical activity, approximate income per month, education, marital status, smoking status. Model 3: Further adjustment for BMI
² Ultra-processed foods intake was adjusted for total energy intake based on residual method
³ P_trend was obtained by the use of tertiles of ultra-processed foods intake as an ordinal variable in the model. Bold values indicate P<0.05.

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