Ultra-processed foods intake in relation to metabolic health status, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and adropin levels in adults

Table 4 Multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for metabolic components across tertiles of ultra-processed foods intake

	Tertiles of energy-adjusted ultra-processed foods intake ²			P_trend³
	Tertile 1 (n = 175)	Tertile2 (n = 176)	Tertile3 (n = 176)	P_trend³
Hyperglycemia (FBG ≥ 100 mg/dL)
Age, sex, energy-adjusted	1.00	0.75 (0.42–1.36)	1.19 (0.65–2.18)	0.64
Multivariable-adjusted ⁴	1.00	1.18 (0.61–2.31)	1.54 (0.74–3.22)	0.25
Hypertriglyceridemia (TG ≥ 150 mg/dL)
Age, sex, energy-adjusted	1.00	1.49 (0.92–2.42)	1.90 (1.16–3.12)	0.01
Multivariable-adjusted ⁴	1.00	1.51 (0.87–2.62)	2.07 (1.15–3.73)	0.02
Low HDL-cholesterolemia (< 40 mg/dL for male/< 50 mg/dL for female)
Age, sex, energy-adjusted	1.00	1.18 (0.56–2.49)	1.68 (0.81–3.49)	0.15
Multivariable-adjusted ⁴	1.00	1.10 (0.47–2.57)	1.68 (0.71–3.98)	0.23
Hypertension (BP ≥ 130/85 mmHg)
Age, sex, energy-adjusted	1.00	1.07 (0.66–1.75)	1.46 (0.88–2.42)	0.14
Multivariable-adjusted ⁴	1.00	1.14 (0.66–1.99)	1.59 (0.88–2.89)	0.12
Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR score ≥ 3.99)
Age, sex, energy-adjusted	1.00	1.18 (0.57–2.45)	0.95 (0.43–2.09)	0.90
Multivariable-adjusted ⁴	1.00	1.01 (0.44–2.28)	0.87 (0.35–2.12)	0.75
High hs-CRP (> 6.4)
Age, sex, energy-adjusted	1.00	1.74 (0.84–3.63)	1.18 (0.52–2.67)	0.69
Multivariable-adjusted ⁴	1.00	1.93 (0.83–4.47)	1.71 (0.66–4.43)	0.26

Abbreviations BP, Blood Pressure; FBG, Fasting Blood Glucose; HDL, High-Density Lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance, hs-CRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; T, tertile; TG, Triglycerides
¹ All values are odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (bold values indicate statistically significant associations).
² Ultra-processed foods intake was adjusted for total energy intake based on residual method
³ P_trend was obtained by the use of tertiles of ultra-processed foods intake as an ordinal variable in the model. Bold values indicate P<0.05.
⁴ Further adjustments for physical activity, approximate income per month, education, marital status, smoking status and BMI

ISSN: 1475-2891