Association between fish oil and glucosamine use and mortality in patients diagnosed with cancer: the role of the Life Essential 8 score and cancer prognosis

Table 4 Associations of fish oil and glucosamine use with risks of overall, cancer and CVD mortality stratified by Life 8 Essential Score class

	Death among users	Death among non-users	Class 1 (Mean score or below) (n = 7,492)		Death among users	Death among non-users	Class 2 (Above mean score) (n = 7,428)
	N (%)	N (%)	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P			Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P
Fish oil
All-cause mortality	497 (20.7)	1,168 (23.0)	0.87 (0.78–0.97)	0.016	369 (13.7)	670 (14.1)	0.89 (0.77–1.02)	0.081
Cancer mortality	386 (16.1)	923 (18.1)	0.88 (0.79–1.00)	0.049	310 (11.5)	585 (12.3)	0.87 (0.76–1.01)	0.074
CVD mortality	134 (5.6)	282 (5.5)	0.98 (0.78–1.23)	0.860	69 (2.6)	105 (2.2)	1.01 (0.74–1.37)	0.950
Glucosamine
All-cause mortality	218 (15.9)	1,447 (23.6)	0.69 (0.60–0.80)	< 0.001	238 (14.0)	801 (14.0)	1.00 (0.86–1.16)	0.986
Cancer mortality	173 (12.6)	1,136 (18.6)	0.71 (0.61–0.84)	< 0.001	197 (11.6)	698 (12.2)	0.96 (0.82–1.13)	0.620
CVD mortality	49 (3.6)	367 (6.0)	0.71 (0.52–0.97)	0.030	39 (2.3)	135 (2.4)	0.99 (0.69–1.42)	0.970

^aAll models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicities, socio-economic (Townsend deprivation index score and education level), alcohol status, time since cancer diagnosis, CVD diagnosis prior to assessment, vitamin or mineral supplement use, Charlson comorbidity index, cancer prognosis, oily fish consumption (only for fish oil). Class 1, characterized by a Life Essential score at or below the mean. Class 2, characterized by scores above the mean

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