Association between fish oil and glucosamine use and mortality in patients diagnosed with cancer: the role of the Life Essential 8 score and cancer prognosis

Table 5 Associations of fish oil and glucosamine use with risks of overall, cancer and CVD mortality stratified by cancer prognoses

	Death among users	Death among non-users	Cancer with good prognosis (n = 10,229)		Death among users	Death among non-users	Cancer with poor prognosis (n = 4,691)
	N (%)	N (%)	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P			Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P
Fish oil
All-cause mortality	534 (14.7)	855 (13.4)	1.02 (0.91–1.14)	0.758	332 (22.9)	953 (29.4)	0.75 (0.66–0.86)	< 0.001
Cancer mortality	425 (11.7)	725 (11.0)	1.01 (0.89–1.15)	0.870	271 (18.7)	783 (24.2)	0.77 (0.67–0.89)	0.001
CVD mortality	116 (3.2)	166 (2.5)	1.16 (0.90–1.49)	0.240	87 (6.0)	221 (6.8)	0.89 (0.68–1.17)	0.410
Glucosamine
All-cause mortality	291 (12.8)	1,128 (14.2)	0.89 (0.78–1.02)	0.094	165 (21.0)	1120 (38.7)	0.74 (0.62–0.87)	< 0.001
Cancer mortality	240 (10.5)	910 (11.5)	0.91 (0.79–1.05)	0.210	130 (16.6)	924 (23.6)	0.71 (0.59–0.86)	< 0.001
CVD mortality	52 (2.3)	230 (2.9)	0.88 (0.64–1.19)	0.400	36 (4.6)	272 (7.0)	0.74 (0.51–1.06)	0.100

^aCategorized into 2 groups based on average prognosis and statistics in the UK Biobank. Types of cancer with better average prognosis are classified into one group (Malignant neoplasms of male or female genital organs, malignant melanoma of skin, malignant neoplasms of thyroid and other endocrine glands, malignant neoplasms of breast) and other types with poorer average prognosis are classified into another group. All models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicities, socio-economic (Townsend deprivation index score and education level), Life 8 essential scores, alcohol status, time since cancer diagnosis, CVD diagnosis prior to assessment, vitamin or mineral supplement use, Charlson comorbidity index, oily fish consumption (only for fish oil)

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