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Table 1 Description of participants in the total sample and by quintile of the Alternative Healthy Eating Index

From: Diet quality in young adulthood and sleep at midlife: a prospective analysis in the Bogalusa Heart Study

 

Total sample a

AHEI b

p-value c

Q1

Q3

Q5

n = 593

n = 127

n = 129

n = 109

Demographic characteristics at baseline (2001–2002)

Age in years

36.31 ± 4.41

34.69 ± 4.63

36.18 ± 4.16

37.71 ± 4.21

< 0.0001

Male (%)

36.26

35.43

32.56

39.45

0.420

Black persons (%)

30.02

23.62

33.33

37.61

0.131

Low education (high school or less) (%)

39.29

43.31

44.19

35.78

0.066

Income at baseline

     

 <$15,000

25.30

24.83

27.91

28.44

0.427

 $15,000-$30,000

20.74

25.98

22.48

19.27

 $30,000-$45,000

12.82

16.54

13.95

9.17

 >$45,000

41.15

34.65

35.66

43.12

Employed (%)

78.58

80.31

82.95

77.06

0.519

Has health insurance (%)

67.28

68.50

65.89

66.97

0.646

Household size

3.47 ± 1.31

3.60 ± 1.32

3.50 ± 1.36

3.32 ± 1.35

0.581

Lives with spouse (%)

61.89

65.35

60.47

52.29

0.113

Children in house (%)

73.69

74.80

75.19

71.56

0.854

Neighborhood characteristics (census tract level, 2000 Decennial Census)

Total population

5070.39 ± 1848.51

5397.34 ± 1902.04

4894.37 ± 1736.07

4720.08 ± 1679.74

0.048

% of persons in poverty

23.66 ± 8.63

23.95 ± 7.09

23.48 ± 8.79

23.20 ± 9.22

0.819

Median household income

26670.86 ± 10397.49

25062.38 ± 5363.09

27147.77 ± 11391.39

27617.96 ± 11334.36

0.132

% of households with no vehicle

11.73 ± 6.90

10.91 ± 6.42

12.15 ± 6.89

11.92 ± 7.06

0.654

Index of Concentration at the Extremes

-0.13 ± 0.19

-0.13 ± 0.17

-0.13 ± 0.20

-0.13 ± 0.20

0.994

Health and lifestyle factors at baseline (2001–2002)

Smoking status (%)

     

 Never

60.37

59.84

58.91

54.13

0.690

 Former

12.65

10.24

12.40

16.51

 Current

26.98

29.92

28.68

29.36

Current alcohol use (%)

     

 Non-drinker

35.41

44.88

33.33

20.18

< 0.0001

 Occasional drinker

39.12

39.37

45.74

32.11

 Regular drinker

25.46

15.75

20.93

47.71

Total energy intake, kcal/d

2005.72 ± 762.77

2134.99 ± 627.31

1972.44 ± 706.01

1936.93 ± 963.08

0.242

Caffeine intake, mg/d

98.38 ± 67.58

105.93 ± 65.91

96.59 ± 69.21

93.45 ± 68.43

0.555

Physically active at work (%)

39.63

40.94

42.64

39.45

0.151

Physically active not at work (%)

30.86

28.35

27.13

44.04

0.025

Depressive symptoms (%)

30.86

29.92

31.01

33.94

0.877

 CES-D score

12.61 ± 8.91

12.51 ± 9.34

12.42 ± 8.18

13.35 ± 9.62

0.874

Body mass index, kg/m2

29.25 ± 7.27

30.14 ± 7.56

28.57 ± 7.01

28.85 ± 7.21

0.239

Obesity (%)

39.63

45.67

34.88

33.94

0.199

Waist circumference, cm

92.42 ± 17.03

95.36 ± 17.24

90.39 ± 16.40

91.72 ± 17.39

0.079

Sleep outcomes at follow-up (2013–2016)

Sleep duration, hrs

7.10 (1.39)

7.07 (1.31)

6.95 (1.26)

7.26 (1.54)

0.255

High risk for insomnia (%)

45.19

57.48

48.84

32.11

0.002

High risk for sleep apnea (%)

40.81

46.36

40.31

34.86

0.510

Healthy sleep pattern (%) *

22.66

20.00

21.71

23.36

0.851

  1. a. Frequency (%) or mean ± SD among total sample
  2. b. Frequency (%) or mean ± SD among column total (total in quintile)
  3. c. p-value from ANOVA for continuous covariates and from Pearson chi-squared test for independence for categorical covariates, testing for differences across all 5 quintiles (Q2 and Q4 not shown)
  4. *n = 589 for Healthy Sleep Pattern
  5. AHEI: Alternative Healthy Eating Index
  6. Physically active: self-rating of 4 or 5 (active or very active) on 5-point scale
  7. Index of Concentration at the Extremes: ([(number of White householders with >$100,000 annual income)-(number of Black householders with <$25,000 annual income)] / total households reporting income)
  8. Occasional drinker: less than once a week; Regular drinker: once or twice a week, or more
  9. Depressive symptoms defined as CES-D ≥ 16
  10. Obesity defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2
  11. High risk for insomnia: score > 9 on the Women’s Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale
  12. High risk for sleep apnea: positive on two of three categories on the Berlin questionnaire
  13. Healthy sleep pattern: morning or more morning-than-evening chronotype, average sleep duration ≥ 7 and < 9 h, insomnia symptoms < 1–2 times/wk, snoring is quiet and infrequent (≤ 1–2 times/wk), and no excessive daytime sleepiness
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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