Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 15,437 participants across PNI categories

N (%)

15,437

3,086 (20)

3,083 (20)

3,092 (20)

3,088 (20)

3,088 (20)

PNI

56.9 ± 4.2

51.3 ± 1.9

54.6 ± 0.7

56.8 ± 0.6

59.0 ± 0.7

62.9 ± 2.7

Age, years

43.7 ± 7.9

44.3 ± 7.6

44.2 ± 7.7

43.7 ± 8.0

43.2 ± 7.9

43.1 ± 8.3

< 0.001

Male, %

45.9

21.7

35.9

46.1

55.3

70.4

< 0.001

Comorbidities, %

 Diabetes

2.4

1.7

1.7

1.8

2.2

4.4

< 0.001

 Hypertension

6.9

5.1

4.8

7.0

6.6

10.6

< 0.001

 Coronary artery disease

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.7

0.6

1.1

0.001

 Stroke

0.4

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.5

0.142

Current smoker, %

10.8

3.8

7.6

10.0

12.2

20.3

< 0.001

Body mass index, kg/m²

23.6 ± 3.1

22.8 ± 2.9

23.4 ± 3.0

23.5 ± 3.1

23.9 ± 3.2

24.4 ± 3.3

< 0.001

SBP, mmHg

121.6 ± 17.0

117.3 ± 16.3

120.3 ± 16.9

121.4 ± 16.6

123.2 ± 16.7

125.9 ± 17.0

< 0.001

DBP, mmHg

73.9 ± 11.7

70.8 ± 11.2

73.0 ± 11.9

73.9 ± 11.4

75.0 ± 11.6

76.8 ± 11.5

< 0.001

Laboratory parameters

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

14.2 ± 1.7

13.1 ± 1.6

13.8 ± 1.6

14.3 ± 1.6

14.6 ± 1.5

15.1 ± 1.4

< 0.001

 Total lymphocyte count, cells/m³

2,098 ± 574

1,585 ± 334

1,854 ± 336

2,054 ± 363

2,263 ± 401

2,732 ± 611

< 0.001

 Serum albumin, g/dL

4.6 ± 0.3

4.3 ± 0.2

4.5 ± 0.2

4.6 ± 0.2

4.8 ± 0.2

4.9 ± 0.3

< 0.001

 Total cholesterol, mg/dL

195.9 ± 35.9

185.4 ± 36.8

191.7 ± 33.0

195.1 ± 33.5

201.6 ± 35.7

205.6 ± 36.5

< 0.001

 Serum glucose, mg/dL

91.8 ± 16.9

88.6 ± 14.3

91.0 ± 16.5

91.6 ± 15.9

92.6 ± 17.1

95.2 ± 19.9

< 0.001

 C-reactive protein, mg/dL

0.4 (0.2–0.9)

0.4 (0.2–0.8)

0.4 (0.2–0.8)

0.4 (0.2–0.9)

0.4 (0.2–0.9)

1.2 (0.2–1.1)

< 0.001

 Uric acid, mg/dL

4.8 (3.9–6.0)

4.2 (3.6–5.0)

4.5 (3.8–5.6)

4.8 (4.0–6.0)

5.2 (4.1–6.3)

5.6 (4.5–6.6)

< 0.001

 Hemoglobin A1c, %

5.3 ± 0.6

5.2 ± 0.6

5.2 ± 0.5

5.3 ± 0.6

5.3 ± 0.6

5.4 ± 0.7

< 0.001

 Serum creatinine, mg/dL

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

0.9 (0.7–1.0)

0.9 (0.7–1.0)

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

< 0.001

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

95.4 ± 15.0

98.1 ± 15.1

96.2 ± 14.5

95.3 ± 14.9

94.4 ± 14.8

92.9 ± 15.2

< 0.001

 Proteinuria

0.4

0.6

0.2

0.2

0.5

0.6

0.469