Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population
Variables | Total (n = 5391) | Without PhenoAgeAccel (n = 3581) | With PhenoAgeAccel (n = 1810) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
Gender, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.109 |
 Male | 2590 (48.47) | 1642 (47.39) | 948 (51.04) |  |
 Female | 2801 (51.53) | 1939 (52.61) | 862 (48.96) |  |
Age, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 20–50 | 2527 (54.42) | 1805 (57.70) | 722 (46.62) |  |
 50–65 | 1483 (26.94) | 967 (26.42) | 516 (28.17) |  |
 > 65 | 1381 (18.64) | 809 (15.88) | 572 (25.21) |  |
Race, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Non-Hispanic White | 2609 (69.87) | 1792 (72.56) | 817 (63.43) |  |
 Mexican American | 863 (8.28) | 608 (8.06) | 255 (8.85) |  |
 Other Hispanic | 503 (4.87) | 343 (4.59) | 160 (5.54) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 1008 (10.02) | 551 (7.72) | 457 (15.51) |  |
 Other Race | 408 (6.96) | 287 (7.07) | 121 (6.68) |  |
PIR, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < 1 | 1005 (13.53) | 607 (11.90) | 398 (17.42) |  |
 1–3 | 2389 (36.78) | 1505 (33.88) | 884 (43.73) |  |
 > 3 | 1997(49.69) | 1469 (54.23) | 528 (38.86) |  |
Education level, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Below high school | 1286 (15.15) | 794 (13.33) | 492 (19.51) |  |
 High school graduate or GED | 1276 (24.84) | 792 (22.55) | 484 (30.29) |  |
 Some colleges or above | 2829 (60.01) | 1995 (64.12) | 834 (50.19) |  |
Marital status, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.012 |
 Married/cohabiting | 3280 (62.74) | 2235 (63.79) | 1045 (60.24) |  |
 Widowed/divorced/separated | 1253 (19.23) | 748 (17.34) | 505 (23.74) |  |
 Never married | 858 (18.03) | 598 (18.87) | 260 (16.01) |  |
Behavioral characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Drink, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 3272 (60.87) | 2327 (65.52) | 945 (49.78) |  |
 Yes | 2119 (39.13) | 1254 (34.48) | 865 (50.22) |  |
Smoke, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 2929 (54.96) | 2095 (58.47) | 834 (46.57) |  |
 Yes | 2462 (45.04) | 1486 (41.53) | 976 (53.43) |  |
BMI, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
< 25 | 1484(29.86) | 1179 (35.78) | 305 (15.71) |  |
 25–30 | 1809(32.28) | 1330 (35.45) | 479 (24.72) |  |
 > 30 | 2098(37.86) | 1072 (28.77) | 1026 (59.57) |  |
Physical activity, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Inactive | 2251 (35.68) | 1318 (30.68) | 933 (47.61) |  |
 Insufficient | 889 (16.74) | 606 (17.70) | 283 (14.45) |  |
 Moderate | 701 (14.19) | 502 (14.82) | 199 (12.69) |  |
 High | 1550 (33.39) | 1155 (36.79) | 395 (25.25) |  |
Health characteristics | ||||
Diabetes, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 4523 (88.89) | 3309 (94.97) | 1214 (74.35) |  |
 Yes | 868 (11.11) | 272 (5.03) | 596 (25.65) |  |
Chronic Kidney Disease, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 4730 (91.18) | 3316 (94.58) | 1414 (83.04) |  |
 Yes | 661 (8.82) | 265 (5.42) | 396 (16.96) |  |
Hypertension, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 3358 (67.59) | 2454 (72.84) | 904 (55.04) |  |
 Yes | 2033 (32.41) | 1127 (27.16) | 906 (44.96) |  |
Dietary flavonoid intake (mg per day) | ||||
Isoflavones, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.017 |
 Q1 (0–0) | 2039 (36.60) | 1292 (34.49) | 747 (41.63) |  |
 Q2 (0-0.005) | 354 (7.19) | 228 (6.97) | 126 (7.71) |  |
 Q3 (0.005–0.02) | 788 (15.88) | 520 (16.20) | 268 (15.11) |  |
 Q4 (0.02–0.145) | 1106 (17.98) | 773 (18.49) | 333 (16.74) |  |
 Q5 (0.145–390.6) | 1104 (22.36) | 768 (23.84) | 336 (18.81) |  |
Anthocyanidins, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Q1 (0-0.020) | 1102 (21.84) | 651 (19.88) | 451 (26.52) |  |
 Q2 (0.02–1.005) | 1055 (18.54) | 658 (17.33) | 397 (21.43) |  |
 Q3 (1.005–4.010) | 1079 (18.21) | 729 (18.99) | 350 (16.35) |  |
 Q4 (4.010-16.815) | 1078 (19.78) | 758 (20.79) | 320 (17.36) |  |
 Q5 (16.815–543.83) | 1077 (21.63) | 785 (23.01) | 292 (18.34) |  |
Flavan-3-ols, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.007 |
 Q1 (0-3.560) | 1079 (18.50) | 620 (16.31) | 459 (23.73) |  |
 Q2 (3.560-10.055) | 1080 (18.14) | 729 (17.96) | 351 (18.56) |  |
 Q3 (10.055–24.890) | 1076 (19.08) | 757 (19.95) | 319 (16.98) |  |
 Q4 (24.890-229.820) | 1078 (20.97) | 735 (21.79) | 343 (18.99) |  |
 Q5 (229.820-4939.790) | 1078 (23.32) | 740 (23.99) | 338 (21.74) |  |
Flavanones, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Q1 (0-0.005) | 1108 (21.17) | 634 (18.99) | 474 (26.37) |  |
 Q2 (0.005–0.250) | 1056 (20.96) | 682 (20.52) | 374 (22.02) |  |
 Q3 (0.250–2.495) | 1073 (21.79) | 745 (22.66) | 328 (19.70) |  |
 Q4 (2.495–25.400) | 1076 (20.00) | 774 (21.56) | 302 (16.28) |  |
 Q5 (25.400-345.685) | 1078 (16.08) | 746 (16.26) | 332 (15.63) |  |
Flavones, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Q1 (0-0.135) | 1094 (19.41) | 619 (16.33) | 475 (26.76) |  |
 Q2 (0.135–0.365) | 1073 (18.64) | 668 (17.63) | 405 (21.05) |  |
 Q3 (0.365–0.705) | 1078 (19.07) | 750 (20.11) | 328 (16.59) |  |
 Q4 (0.705–1.315) | 1072 (20.55) | 760 (21.94) | 312 (17.23) |  |
 Q5 (1.315–87.245) | 1074 (22.33) | 784 (23.99) | 290 (18.38) |  |
Flavonols, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 |
 Q1 (0-5.880) | 1079 (17.46) | 633 (15.68) | 446 (21.71) |  |
 Q2 (5.880–10.250) | 1080 (18.09) | 708 (17.47) | 372 (19.57) |  |
 Q3 (10.250–15.900) | 1077 (19.97) | 730 (20.14) | 347 (19.58) |  |
 Q4 (15.900-25.390) | 1078 (20.74) | 756 (21.91) | 322 (17.94) |  |
 Q5 (25.390-262.435) | 1077 (23.74) | 754 (24.81) | 323 (21.20) |  |
Total flavonoids, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.005 |
 Q1 (0-19.350) | 1079 (19.65) | 622 (17.26) | 457 (25.35) |  |
 Q2 (19.350-44.555) | 1078 (17.64) | 728 (18.13) | 350 (16.46) |  |
 Q3 (44.555–97.660) | 1078 (18.66) | 738 (19.05) | 340 (17.72) |  |
 Q4 (97.660-283.950) | 1078 (20.57) | 758 (21.29) | 320 (18.85) |  |
 Q5 (283.950-5177.470) | 1078 (23.48) | 735 (24.26) | 343 (21.61) |  |