Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all participants by intervention and control group

All (n = 129)

Intervention (n = 67)

Control (n = 62)

Characteristics

n

mean

(SD)

n

mean

(SD)

n

mean

(SD)

p-value^*

Age (years)

129

63.0

(10.1)

67

63.3

(9.7)

62

62.7

(10.7)

0.77

Total energy intake (kcal/day)

101

1911

(484)

47

1946

(522)

54

1881

(451)

0.50

Physical activity (min/week)

126

284

(153)

66

274

(159)

60

296

(147)

0.44

n

(%)

n

(%)

n

(%)

Sex

0.71

 Female

50

(38.8)

27

(40.3)

23

(37.1)

 Male

79

(61.2)

40

(59.7)

39

(62.9)

Education^a

0.51

 ≤ 12 years

50

(40.3)

28

(43.1)

22

(37.3)

 > 12 years

74

(59.7)

37

(56.9)

37

(62.7)

Current smoker (yes)^b

5

(4.0)

3

(4.5)

2

(3.4)

0.74

Physical activity^c

0.32

 < 150 min/week

28

(22.2)

17

(25.8)

11

(18.3)

 ≥ 150 min/week

98

(77.8)

49

(74.2)

49

(81.7)

BMI categories^d

0.45

 Normal weight, < 25.0 kg/m²

21

(16.3)

12

(17.9)

9

(14.5)

 Overweight, 25.0–29.9 kg/m²

53

(41.1)

24

(35.8)

29

(46.8)

 Obese, ≥ 30.0 kg/m²

55

(42.6)

31

(46.3)

24

(38.7)

Waist circumference^b

0.95

 Low

33

(26.4)

17

(26.2)

16

(26.7)

 High

92

(73.6)

48

(73.9)

44

(73.3)

Diabetes duration^e

0.74

 ≤ 5 years

73

(60.8)

38

(62.3)

35

(59.3)

 > 5 years

47

(39.2)

23

(37.7)

24

(40.7)

Medical use (yes)^c

79

(62.7)

41

(62.1)

38

(63.3)

0.89

Type of medical use (yes)^c

 Blood pressure medication

83

(65.9)

45

(68.2)

38

(63.3)

0.57

 Insulin

21

(16.7)

9

(13.6)

12

(20.0)

0.34

 Oral medication for diabetes, e.g. Metformin

95

(75.4)

47

(71.2)

48

(80.0)

0.25

 Medication for blood lipids

79

62.7

41

(62.1)

38

(63.3)

0.89