Table 3 Mean values for differences between baseline and 3-month follow-up in the intervention and control group and the intervention effect presented as difference in changes (β-coefficients and 95% confidence intervals) between groups in the HAPPY trial

Intervention (n = 35)

Control (n = 45)

Difference

Difference

Model estimates^a

mean

(SD)

mean

(SD)

β

(95% CI)

NNR-score (0–30 points) (dietary record)

-0.3

(3.6)

1.3

(3.3)

-1.6

(-2.9 to -0.3)

Dietary variables (dietary record)

 Fruit and vegetables (g/day)

-3.9

(164.3)

54.1

(150.9)

-45.4

(-111.9 to 21.1)

 Legumes/pulses (g/day)

0.0

(35.9)

3.1

(23.9)

-^b

 Total fish and seafood (g/day)

10.4

(54.7)

-6.3

(44.9)

17.1

(-1.1 to 35.3)

 Red and processed meat (g/day)

5.9

(59.0)

-3.0

(56.5)

3.7

(-19.2 to 26.6)

 Sugar-sweetened beverages and juice (g/day)

-16.8

(78.9)

-25.1

(62.7)

-^b

 Fiber (g/day)

-2.9

(8.2)

-0.4

(7.2)

-2.6

(-5.4 to 0.3)

 Whole grains (g/day)

-6.0

(26.7)

1.1

(22.5)

-4.8

(-13.5 to 3.9)

 Carbohydrates (g/day)

-17.4

(43.0)

-7.4

(42.7)

-9.9

(-25.6 to 5.8)

 Saturated fat (g/day)

-4.9

(9.7)

-2.2

(10.6)

-2.5

(-6.0 to 1.0)

 Unsaturated fat (g/day)

-0.2

(20.0)

0.2

(16.3)

-0.6

(-7.5 to 6.4)

 Sodium (mg/day)

-206.8

(831.0)

70.2

(1110.3)

-363.4

(-740.3 to 13.5)

 Sucrose (g/day)

-3.2

(12.2)

-3.9

(12.4)

-0.3

(-4.2 to 3.6)

 Total energy (kcal/day)

-177.6

(409.9)

-101.7

(402.0)

-79.2

(-230.0 to 71.5)

 NNR-score (0–30 points) (FFQ)

0.4

(2.7)

0.4

(3.4)

-0.02

(-1.2 to 1.1)

Dietary variables (FFQ)

 Fruit and vegetables (g/day)

15.0

(150.9)

48.2

(232.8)

-38.4

(-114.2 to 37.4)

 Legumes/pulses (g/day)

8.9

(42.6)

18.7

(46.9)

-^b

 Total fish and seafood (g/day)

0.1

(30.0)

-1.4

(22.8)

4.3

(-5.2 to 13.9)

 Red and processed meat (g/day)

-4.7

(36.7)

-9.3

(65.4)

-2.8

(-19.1 to 13.6)

 Sugar-sweetened beverages and juice (g/day)

8.8

(60.3)

8.4

(59.1)

-^b

 Fiber (g/day)

0.9

(11.1)

3.8

(9.9)

-2.7

(-6.6 to 1.1)

 Whole grains (g/day)

-0.0

(29.2)

4.5

(30.2)

-3.8

(-14.6 to 7.0)

 Carbohydrates (g/day)

-1.6

(56.8)

16.6

(62.9)

-17.9

(-40.2 to 4.5)

 Saturated fat (g/day)

-2.8

(23.4)

3.2

(10.8)

-4.1

(-7.9 to -0.18)

 Unsaturated fat (g/day)

-1.8

(13.9)

5.7

(18.6)

-6.9

(-13.5 to -0.4)

 Sodium (mg/day)

-1.8

(755.4)

165.7

(690.7)

-155.5

(-412.7 to 101.8)

 Sucrose (g/day)

-0.6

(12.1)

4.0

(15.7)

-4.0

(-9.3 to 1.3)

 Total energy (kcal/day)

-37.1

(485.5)

172.9

(595.0)

-195.7

(-401.7 to 10.3)

Intervention (n = 51)

Control (n = 54)

Cardiometabolic risk markers

 BMI (kg/m²)

-0.3

(0.7)

-0.3

(0.7)

0.04

(-0.23 to 0.32)

 Waist circumference (cm)^c

-2.2

(4.0)

-1.6

(3.3)

-0.69

(-2.09 to 0.71)

 Body fat (%)^d

-0.3

(2.7)

0.2

(2.2)

-0.56

(-1.51 to 0.40)

 HbA1c, Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/mol)^e

-1.1

(7.1)

0.1

(9.5)

-1.43

(-4.99 to 2.14)

 Triglycerides (mmol/L)^f

-0.1

(0.6)

0.2

(0.8)

-0.33

(-0.60 to -0.05)

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)^f

-0.1

(0.8)

0.1

(0.9)

-0.22

(-0.55 to 0.11)

 LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)^g

-0.1

(0.4)

-0.1

(0.8)

-0.03

(-0.29 to 0.24)

 HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)^f

0.0

(0.2)

0.1

(0.2)

-0.02

(-0.10 to 0.05)

 Non-HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)^h

-0.1

(0.7)

0.0

(0.8)

-0.22

(-0.54 to 0.08)

 Blood pressure (mmHg)^g

  Systolic

-3.8

(13.8)

-3.8

(13.7)

0.26

(-4.39 to 4.91)

  Diastolic

-1.5

(9.8)

-3.4

(10.5)

3.07

(-0.31 to 6.45)