Table 1 Basic characteristics of the study population
Variables | Total | Female | Male | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 5713) | (n = 3205, 56.1%) | (n = 2508, 43.9%) | ||
Age (years) | 71.6 ± 5.0 | 71.7 ± 5.0 | 71.5 ± 5.0 | 0.25 |
Junior high school and higher, n (%) | 873 (15.3) | 176 (5.5) | 697 (27.8) | < 0.001 |
Income < 30,000 yuan/year, n (%) | 4568 (80.0) | 2797 (87.3) | 1771 (70.6) | < 0.001 |
Residence area, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Rural | 2073 (36.3) | 1178 (36.8) | 895 (35.7) | |
Urban | 3389 (59.3) | 1857 (57.9) | 1532 (61.1) | |
Urban–rural fringe | 251 (4.4) | 170 (5.3) | 81 (3.2) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 3.2 | 25.0 ± 3.4 | 24.8 ± 3.0 | < 0.001 |
< 24.0 | 2176 (38.2) | 1234 (38.6) | 942 (37.7) | |
24.0–28.0 | 2589 (45.5) | 1383 (43.3) | 1206 (48.3) | |
≥ 28.0 | 928 (16.3) | 577 (18.1) | 351 (14.0) | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 89.2 ± 9.4 | 88.5 ± 9.5 | 90.2 ± 9.1 | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 144.8 ± 19.8 | 146.6 ± 19.8 | 142.5 ± 19.4 | < 0.001 |
< 140 | 2261 (39.8) | 1171 (36.8) | 1090 (43.7) | |
≥ 140 | 3416 (60.2) | 2012 (63.2) | 1404 (56.3) | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.1 ± 10.4 | 79.6 ± 10.3 | 80.6 ± 10.4 | < 0.001 |
< 90 | 4687 (82.6) | 2672 (83.9) | 2015 (80.8) | |
≥ 90 | 990 (17.4) | 511 (16.1) | 479 (19.2) | |
Diabetes duration (years) | 9.0 (4.1, 14.5) | 10.0 (4.3, 15.0) | 8.2 (4.0, 14.3) | 0.002 |
Family history of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1368 (23.9) | 808 (25.2) | 560 (22.3) | 0.01 |
Hypoglycemic agents, n (%) | 5538 (96.9) | 3103 (96.8) | 2435 (97.1) | 0.61 |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 606 (10.6) | 323 (10.1) | 283 (11.3) | 0.15 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 4315 (75.5) | 2458 (76.7) | 1857 (74) | 0.02 |
Hypertension duration (years) | 13.0 (10.0, 20.0) | 14.0 (10.0, 20.0) | 13.0 (8.0, 20.0) | 0.01 |
Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 4196 (73.4) | 2393 (74.7) | 1803 (71.9) | 0.02 |
ACEI or ARB, n (%) | 2112 (37.0) | 1177 (36.7) | 935 (37.3) | 0.69 |
Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Never | 4174 (73.1) | 3200 (99.8) | 974 (38.8) | |
Current | 1010 (17.7) | 5 (0.2) | 1005 (40.1) | |
Past | 529 (9.3) | 0 (0) | 529 (21.1) | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Never | 4714 (82.5) | 3195 (99.7) | 1519 (60.6) | |
Current | 763 (13.4) | 10 (0.3) | 753 (30.0) | |
Past | 236 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 236 (9.4) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
< 30 min/d | 3686 (64.5) | 2189 (68.3) | 1497 (59.7) | |
≥ 30 min/d | 2027 (35.5) | 1016 (31.7) | 1011 (40.3) | |
HbA1c (%) | 7.4 ± 1.5 | 7.3 ± 1.4 | 7.4 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
< 7.0 | 2709 (47.4) | 1575 (49.1) | 1134 (45.3) | |
≥ 7.0 | 3002 (52.6) | 1630 (50.9) | 1372 (54.7) | |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 8.3 ± 2.4 | 8.2 ± 2.4 | 8.3 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 |
Lipid profile | ||||
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 1.1 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
Uric acid (μmol/L) | 326.6 ± 97.2 | 312.5 ± 97.1 | 344.6 ± 94.3 | < 0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 83.2 ± 17.6 | 85.3 ± 18.0 | 80.5 ± 16.7 | < 0.001 |
UACR (mg/g) | 22.4 (10.5, 57.3) | 26.9 (13.3, 66.6) | 17.1 (7.8, 44.9) | < 0.001 |
CKD, n (%) | 2611 (45.7) | 1616 (50.4) | 995 (39.7) | < 0.001 |