Table 1 The role of specific foods in UC development
From: Dietary content and eating behavior in ulcerative colitis: a narrative review and future perspective
Food | Protective | Harmful | No Association |
|---|---|---|---|
Meat and Alternatives | |||
Red and processed meats | Population-based study[38, 39, 41,42,43]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[40, 52]; Animal experiment[59] | Population-based study[47, 60]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[61] | |
Fish and seafood | Population-based study[60] | Population-based study[62, 63]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[64]; Mendelian randomization[65] | |
Dairy | Population-based study[63]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[61]; Animal experiment[67, 68] | ||
Eggs | Population-based study[44] | Population-based study[39] | |
Legumes | Population-based study[47] | ||
Nuts | Population-based study[43] | Population-based study[63] | |
Vegetables and Fruits | |||
Vegetables | Population-based study[60]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[50,51,52]; Mendelian randomization[69] | Population-based study[47] | |
- Green vegetables | Population-based study[63] | Population-based study[70] | |
- Cruciferous vegetables | Population-based study[63, 71]; Systematic review[72]; Animal experiment[73, 74] | ||
Fruit | Population-based study[53, 54]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[51, 64]; Mendelian randomization[69] | Population-based study[63] | |
Sweets and Desserts | |||
Honey | Animal experiment[75] | Population-based study[63] | |
Cocoa and Chocolate | |||
Beverages | |||
Sweetened beverages | Population-based study[76, 78]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[52, 57, 58] | ||
Alcohol | Animal experiment[83] | Systematic review and meta-analysis[57] | |
- Red wine | Population-based study[84] | ||
- Other alcoholic beverages | Population-based study[84] | ||
Coffee | Population-based study[56, 77]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[52, 57, 64] | Mendelian randomization[85] | |
Tea | Population-based study[56]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[57, 58]; Animal experiment[86] | Population-based study[87] | Population-based study[77] |
Processed Foods | |||
Margarine | Population-based study[43,44,45], Systematic review and meta-analysis[40] | ||
Processed foods | Meta-analysis[88] | ||
Miscellaneous | |||
Salt | |||
Food additives | Population-based study[48, 49]; Animal experiment[92,93,94,95] | ||