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Table 1 The role of specific foods in UC development

From: Dietary content and eating behavior in ulcerative colitis: a narrative review and future perspective

Food

Protective

Harmful

No Association

Meat and Alternatives

Red and processed meats

 

Population-based study[38, 39, 41,42,43]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[40, 52]; Animal experiment[59]

Population-based study[47, 60]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[61]

Fish and seafood

Population-based study[60]

Population-based study[62, 63]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[64]; Mendelian randomization[65]

Population-based study[39, 42, 54, 66]

Dairy

Population-based study[63]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[61]; Animal experiment[67, 68]

 

Population-based study[39, 44, 47, 60, 62]

Eggs

Population-based study[44]

Systematic review and meta-analysis[50, 64]

Population-based study[39]

Legumes

Population-based study[53, 55, 63]

 

Population-based study[47]

Nuts

Population-based study[43]

Population-based study[63]

 

Vegetables and Fruits

Vegetables

Population-based study[60]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[50,51,52]; Mendelian randomization[69]

 

Population-based study[47]

- Green vegetables

 

Population-based study[63]

Population-based study[70]

- Cruciferous vegetables

Population-based study[63, 71]; Systematic review[72]; Animal experiment[73, 74]

  

Fruit

Population-based study[53, 54]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[51, 64]; Mendelian randomization[69]

Population-based study[63]

Population-based study[47, 60, 70]; Systematic review[50]

Sweets and Desserts

Honey

Animal experiment[75]

Population-based study[63]

 

Cocoa and Chocolate

 

Population-based study[76, 77]

 

Beverages

Sweetened beverages

Population-based study[60, 77]

Population-based study[76, 78]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[52, 57, 58]

Population-based study[79,80,81,82]

Alcohol

 

Animal experiment[83]

Systematic review and meta-analysis[57]

- Red wine

Population-based study[84]

  

- Other alcoholic beverages

 

Population-based study[84]

 

Coffee

Population-based study[56, 77]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[52, 57, 64]

 

Mendelian randomization[85]

Tea

Population-based study[56]; Systematic review and meta-analysis[57, 58]; Animal experiment[86]

Population-based study[87]

Population-based study[77]

Processed Foods

Margarine

 

Population-based study[43,44,45], Systematic review and meta-analysis[40]

 

Processed foods

 

Population-based study[43, 46, 47]

Meta-analysis[88]

Miscellaneous

Salt

 

Population-based study[43, 63]; Animal experiment[89,90,91]

 

Food additives

 

Population-based study[48, 49]; Animal experiment[92,93,94,95]