Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to log-transformed total carotene quartiles: NHANES, 1999-2018a
From: Dietary carotenoid intakes and biological aging among US adults, NHANES 1999–2018
Variables | Total carotene (N = 27338) | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤ 3.46 N = 6835 | 3.46–3.80 N = 6835 | 3.80–4.08 N = 6835 | >4.08 N = 6834 | ||
Age, years | 42.73(42.07,43.39) | 45.58(44.93,46.24) | 49.76(49.08,50.43) | 49.50(48.73,50.27) | 0.045 |
Male, % | 44.20(42.60,45.70) | 46.20(44.50,47.90) | 49.20(47.70,50.70) | 53.40(51.70,55.00) | < 0.001 |
Non-Hispanic white, % | 65.70(62.00,69.20) | 69.10(66.20,71.80) | 70.40(67.50,73.10) | 72.20(69.50,74.70) | 0.334 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 28.98(28.73,29.23) | 28.94(28.71,29.18) | 28.89(28.61,29.16) | 28.43(28.14,28.72) | < 0.001 |
Smoke, % | 49.10(47.30,50.90) | 45.30(43.20,47.30) | 43.40(41.80,45.10) | 42.30(40.70,43.90) | 0.235 |
Drink, % | 70.30(68.60,72.00) | 73.70(71.80,75.50) | 74.20(72.40,75.90) | 76.70(75.00,78.30) | < 0.001 |
Regular exercise, % | 35.10(33.70,36.60) | 39.10(37.40,40.90) | 41.20(39.40,43.10) | 41.90(39.90,44.00) | < 0.001 |
College graduate or above, % | 47.00(44.80,49.20) | 56.90(54.50,59.30) | 62.10(60.10,64.10) | 65.80(63.80,67.70) | < 0.001 |
> 55,000 annual household income, % | 34.50(32.30,36.80) | 43.10(40.70,45.60) | 47.60(45.70,49.60) | 48.30(46.10,50.40) | < 0.001 |
Daily energy intake, kcal/d | 1818.05(1794.15,1841.95) | 1991.63(1969.03,2014.23) | 2123.14(2098.85,2147.43) | 2289.52(2264.18,2314.86) | < 0.001 |
Dietary supplements use, % | 45.70(43.50,47.80) | 53.40(51.40,55.30) | 56.20(54.20,58.10) | 58.30(56.50,60.10) | < 0.001 |
AHEI score | 29.11(28.75,29.47) | 30.81(30.43,31.18) | 32.89(32.53,33.25) | 33.71(33.24,34.19) | < 0.001 |
Retinol, mcg | 389.67(378.37,400.97) | 433.24(417.11,449.36) | 430.37(416.68,444.06) | 440.27(428.38,452.17) | < 0.001 |
Self-reported cancer, % | 9.10(8.10,10.20) | 10.00(9.00,11.20) | 9.50(8.60,10.60) | 9.50(8.70,10.40) | < 0.001 |
Self-reported hypertension, % | 32.30(30.60,34.00) | 30.90(29.50,32.40) | 29.30(27.70,30.90) | 30.50(28.80,32.30) | 0.007 |
Self-reported cardiovascular diseases, % | 9.90(8.90,11.00) | 8.30(7.50,9.20) | 7.40(6.60,8.40) | 7.70(7.00,8.50) | < 0.001 |
Self-reported diabetes, % | 9.50(8.70,10.40) | 9.30(8.50,10.20) | 9.10(8.10,10.20) | 8.40(7.40,9.40) | 0.589 |
Allostatic Load | 0.28(0.27,0.28) | 0.27(0.26,0.27) | 0.26(0.25,0.26) | 0.26(0.25,0.26) | < 0.001 |
Homeostatic Dysregulation | 1.63(1.61,1.66) | 1.58(1.56,1.60) | 1.56(1.54,1.58) | 1.54(1.51,1.56) | < 0.001 |
Klemera-Doubal Method | 40.06(39.45,40.67) | 39.77(39.23,40.31) | 39.31(38.69,39.92) | 39.19(38.55,39.83) | < 0.001 |
phenoAge | 45.98(45.28,46.68) | 45.96(45.31,46.61) | 45.63(44.92,46.34) | 45.75(44.98,46.53) | < 0.001 |