Table 1 Randomized controlled trial studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis abbreviations: LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol
Code Author (year) (country) | Subjects | Age (mean ± SD) | RCT | Intervention | Placebo | Duration (week) | Variables | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Afitska, K. [28] (Germany) | Subjects with metabolic syndrome N = 24 | 61.8 ± 10.7 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 400 mg/day magnesium as magnesium citrate | Not mentioned | 12 | TG and TC | TG and TC did not change significantly |
2.1 Albaker, W. I. [29] (Saudi Arabia) | Subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus N = 70 | 57.5 ± 7.04 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 20 mg/day magnesium as magnesium chloride | Water without added magnesium | 12 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
2.2 Albaker, W. I. [29] (Saudi Arabia) | Subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus N = 69 | 55.9 ± 8.9 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 50 mg/day Mg as magnesium chloride | Water without added magnesium | 12 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
3 Alizadeh, M. [30] (Iran) | Women with polycystic ovary syndrome N = 41 | 25.57 ± 4.88 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 250 mg/day magnesium oxide | Not mentioned | 8 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
4 Chacko, S. A. [31] (United States) | Overweight subjects N = 26 | 44.4 ± 13.0 | Randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial | 500 mg/day magnesium as magnesium citrate | Not mentioned | 4 | TG | TG did not change significantly |
5 Cosaro, E. [32] (Italy) | Healthy young men with a family history of metabolic syndrome N = 14 | 26.3 ± 3.10 | Randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial | 16.2 mmol/day magnesium pidolate equivalent to 368 mg/day elementary magnesium | Lactose | 8 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
6 Day, R. O. [33] (Australia) | Postmenopausal women N = 67 | 57 ± 4.4 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 1500–1800 mL/day magnesium bicarbonate supplemented spring water equivalent to 180–216 mg/day magnesium | Non supplemented spring water | 12 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
7.1 Farshidi, H. [49] (Iran) | Subjects with moderate coronary artery disease N = 64 | 61.1 ± 1.5 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 300 mg/day magnesium as magnesium sulfate | wheat flour | 12 | LDL-C and HDL-C | LDL-C and HDL-C did not change significantly |
7.1 Farshidi, H. [49] (Iran) | Subjects with moderate coronary artery disease N = 64 | 61.1 ± 1.5 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 300 mg/day magnesium as magnesium sulfate | wheat flour | 24 | LDL-C and HDL-C | LDL-C decreased significantly, but HDL-C did not change significantly |
8 Farsinejad-Marj, M. [34] (Iran) | Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome N = 60 | 26.32 ± 3.92 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 250 mg/day magnesium oxide | Lactose | 8 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
9 Guerrero-Romero, F. [50] (Mexico) | Diabetic hypertensive adults with low serum magnesium levels N = 79 | 59.5 ± 8.9 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 2.5 g/day of magnesium chloride, equivalent to 450 mg elemental magnesium | Not mentioned | 16 | HDL-C and TG | HDL-C increased significantly, but TG did not change significantly |
10 Guerrero-Romero, F. [51] (Mexico) | Subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia N = 116 | 42.5 ± 9.5 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 30 mL/day magnesium chloride equivalent to 382 mg/day of magnesium | Not mentioned | 16 | HDL-C and TG | HDL-C increased significantly and TG decreased significantly |
11.1 Itoh, K. [35] (Japan) | Healthy subjects N = 33 | 64 ± 9 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 548 mg/day magnesium as magnesium hydroxyl for men and 411 mg/d magnesium as magnesium hydroxyl for women | Not mentioned | 2 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
11.2 Itoh, K. [35] (Japan) | Healthy subjects N = 33 | 64 ± 9 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 548 mg/day magnesium as magnesium hydroxyl for men and 411 mg/d magnesium as magnesium hydroxyl for women | Not mentioned | 4 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | HDL-C increased significantly and LDL-C decreased significantly, but TG and TC did not change significantly |
12 Karandish, M. [36] (Iran) | Subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease N = 64 | 36 ± 7 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 350 mg/day elemental magnesium | Lactose | 12 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | TC and LDL-C decreased significantly, but HDL-C and TG did not change significantly |
13 Lima de Souza, E. [52] (Brasil) | women with metabolic syndrome N = 72 | 44.6 ± 9.7 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 400 mg/day elemental magnesium | Not mention | 12 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
14 Mooren, F. C. [53] (Germany) | Normomagnesemic, overweight, insulin resistant, and non-diabetic subjects N = 47 | 30–70 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 15 mmol/day magnesium aspartate-hydrochloride equivalent to 365 mg/day elemental magnesium | Not mention | 24 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
15 Mortazavi, M. [37] (Iran) | Diabetic hemodialysis patients N = 54 | 58.8 ± 10.1 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 250 mg/d magnesium as magnesium oxide | Not mention | 24 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | TC and LDL-C decreased significantly, but HDL-C and TG did not change significantly. |
16 Navarrete-Cortes, A. [54] (Mexico) | Subjects with type 2 diabetic N = 56 | 52.84 ± 8.42 | Randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial | 360 mg magnesium as magnesium lactate | Not mention | 12 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
17 Rashvand, S. [55] (Iran) | Subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus N = 37 | 49.89 ± 7.83 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 500 mg/d magnesium as magnesium oxide | Starch | 8 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
18 Razzaghi, R. [56] (Iran) | Subjects with diabetic foot ulcer N = 70 | 60.1 ± 11.1 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 250 mg/d magnesium as magnesium oxide | Not mention | 12 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
19 RodrÃguez-Moran, M. [57] (Mexico) | Metabolically obese, normal-weight individuals N = 47 | 31.9 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 30 mL/day magnesium chloride equivalent to 382 mg/day of magnesium | Not mention | 8 | HDL-C and TG | TG decreased significantly, but HDL-C did not change significantly |
20 RodrÃguez-Morán, M. [58] (Mexico) | Subjects with metabolic syndrome N = 198 | 39.4 ± 9.8 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 30 mL/day magnesium chloride equivalent to 382 mg/day of magnesium | Not mention | 16 | HDL-C and TG | TG decreased significantly, but HDL-C did not change significantly |
21 Sadeghian, M. [59] (Iran) | Subjects with diabetic nephropathy N = 80 | 41.2 ± 8.8 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 250 mg/day elemental magnesium | Lactose | 12 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | TC decreased significantly, but LDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
22 Salehidoost, R. [60] (Iran) | Subjects with prediabetes N = 71 | 56.7 ± 5.9 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 250 mg/day elemental magnesium | Starch | 12 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | HDL-C increased significantly, but LDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
23 Shahmoradi, S. [38] (Iran) | Subjects with prediabetes N = 40 | 29.00 ± 4.24 | Randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 250 mg/day magnesium as magnesium oxide | Not mention | 12 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C and TC decreased significantly, HDL-C increased significantly, but TG did not change significantly |
24.1 Solati, M. [39] (Iran) | Overweight subjects N = 70 | 40.73 ± 11.9 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 300 mg/day magnesium as magnesium sulfate | wheat bran | 12 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly, but HDL-C increased significantly |
24.2 Solati, M. [39] (Iran) | Overweight subjects N = 70 | 40.73 ± 11.9 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 300 mg/day magnesium as magnesium sulfate | wheat bran | 24 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | TG and LDL-C decreased significantly, HDL-C increased significantly, but TC did not change significantly |
25 Solati, M. [39] (Iran) | Subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus N = 47 | 46.76 ± 9 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 300 mg/day magnesium as magnesium sulfate | Not mention | 12 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | LDL-C decreased significantly, but HDL-C, TG, and TC did not change significantly |
26 Talari, H. R. [62] (Iran) | Diabetic hemodialysis patients N = 54 | 58.8 ± 10.1 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 250 mg/d magnesium as magnesium oxide | Not mention | 24 | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC | TC and LDL-C decreased significantly, but HDL-C and TG did not change significantly |
27 Witteman, J. C. [63] (Belgium) | women with mild to moderate hypertension N = 91 | 57.4 ± 11.9 | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | 485 mg/day magnesium as magnesium aspartate-HCI | Not mention | 24 | HDL-C and TC | HDL-C and TC did not change significantly |