Relationship between serum carotenoids and osteoarthritis or degenerative arthritis: A cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Table 6 Associations of trans-lycopene with OA based on dataset A (trans-lycopene ≥ 19.49 µg/dl and age > 65 years)

	Crude model		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	OR 95%CI	P	OR 95%CI	P	OR 95%CI	P	OR 95%CI	P	OR 95%CI	P
Per-SD Trans Lycopene (ug/dL) increase	0.75 (0.60–0.95)	*0.016*	0.74 (0.59–0.93)	*0.010*	0.73 (0.58–0.92)	*0.009*	0.72 (0.58–0.90)	*0.005*	0.72 (0.58–0.90)	*0.005*
Quintile of Trans Lycopene (Q1-Q5)
Q1 (2.97—3.09 ug/dL)	reference		reference		reference		reference		reference
Q2 (3.09—3.21 ug/dL)	0.53 (0.30–0.93)	*0.028*	0.52 (0.30–0.88)	*0.016*	0.54 (0.29–0.98)	*0.044*	0.54 (0.29–1.00)	*0.049*	0.52 (0.28–0.95)	*0.035*
Q3 (3.21—3.34 ug/dL)	0.69 (0.38–1.25)	0.215	0.68 (0.40–1.16)	0.156	0.62 (0.34–1.12)	0.110	0.62 (0.34–1.15)	0.124	0.61 (0.33–1.12)	0.107
Q4 (3.34—3.53 ug/dL)	0.36 (0.22–0.60)	< *0.001*	0.38 (0.23–0.63)	< *0.001*	0.39 (0.22–0.69)	*0.002*	0.39 (0.22–0.69)	*0.002*	0.39 (0.23–0.69)	*0.002*
Q5 (3.53—4.15 ug/dL)	0.35 (0.18–0.68)	*0.003*	0.32 (0.16–0.62)	*0.001*	0.31 (0.16–0.62)	*0.001*	0.30 (0.15–0.59)	*0.001*	0.30 (0.15–0.60)	*0.001*
P for trend	*0.002*		*0.001*		*0.002*		*0.001*		*0.001*

The crude model was not adjusted. Model 1 was adjusted for sex, race, education level and family income. Model 2 was built upon Model 1, incorporating indicators closely related to OA, such as a history of osteoporosis, serum calcium and phosphorus levels, as well as histories of hypertension and diabetes. Model 3, an extension of Model 2, was further adjusted for lifestyle factors, including drinking or smoking habits and regular engagement in moderate or vigorous physical activity. The fully adjusted model (Model 4) was derived from Model 3, with additional adjustments for NHANES cycle

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