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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the enrolled participants

From: Low-calorie diets and remission of type 2 diabetes in Chinese: phenotypic changes and individual variability

 

All

(n = 41)

Low-calorie formula diet

(n = 21)

Low-calorie real food-based diet

(n = 20)

P valuea

Age, mean (SD), years

40.4 (8.8)

38.5 (9.7)

42.4 (7.4)

0.11

Male, n (%)

28 (68.3)

15 (71.4)

13 (65.0)

0.06

Education, n (%)

   

0.20

 < Bachelor’s degree

14 (34.1)

9 (42.9)

5 (25.0)

 

 Bachelor’s degree

23 (56.1)

9 (42.9)

14 (70.0)

 

 > Bachelor’s degree

4 (9.8)

3 (14.3)

1 (5.0)

 

Weight, mean (SD), kg

87.0 (20.3)

90.1 (24.5)

83.9 (14.6)

0.33

Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2

30.2 (5.3)

30.6 (6.3)

29.7 (4.3)

0.61

Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm

102.7 (13.1)

104.5 (16.4)

100.9 (8.3)

0.39

MRI-derived liver fat content, mean (SD), %

13.8 (7.7)

12.9 (8.1)

14.7 (7.3)

0.46

MRI-derived pancreatic fat content, mean (SD), %

6.1 (4.6)

5.7 (4.7)

6.5 (4.7)

0.62

Duration of diabetes, mean (SD), years

2.7 (2.5)

2.6 (2.4)

2.8 (2.8)

0.86

Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD), %

8.0 (1.8)

8.2 (1.9)

7.8 (1.7)

0.52

Fasting glucose, mean (SD), mmol/L

7.6 (2.5)

7.3 (1.8)

8.0 (3.1)

0.43

HOMA2 indexes, mean (SD)

    

 HOMA2-IR

2.7 (1.2)

2.5 (0.9)

3.0 (1.4)

0.32

 HOMA2-%B

97.8 (51.1)

96.8 (49.1)

98.8 (54.4)

0.90

 HOMA2-%S

43.2 (17.1)

45.7 (16.3)

40.5 (17.9)

0.34

Arginine stimulation test

    

 INSAUC, median (Q1, Q3), pmol/L*min

1427 (869, 2242)

993 (725, 1697)

1777 (1192, 4085)

0.03

 Acute insulin response, median (Q1, Q3), pmol/L

206 (97, 348)

183 (83, 232)

267 (155, 542)

0.09

 Acute C-peptide response, mean (SD), ng/mL

2.7 (1.8)

2.3 (1.4)

3.1 (2.0)

0.16

KITT, mean (SD), %/min

1.2 (0.9)

1.1 (0.8)

1.3 (1.0)

0.70

No. of glucose-lowering drugs, n (%)

   

0.06

 0

10 (24.4)

2 (9.5)

8 (40.0)

 

 1

16 (39.0)

10 (47.6)

6 (30.0)

 

 ≥2

15 (36.6)

9 (42.9)

6 (30.0)

 

Family history of diabetes, n (%)

26 (63.4)

12 (57.1)

14 (70.0)

0.60

Current smoking, n (%)

11 (26.8)

5 (23.8)

6 (30.0)

0.93

Hypertension, n (%)

10 (24.4)

8 (38.1)

2 (10.0)

0.08

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

8 (19.5)

4 (19.1)

4 (20.0)

1.00

Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg

131.6 (17.0)

131.5 (16.2)

131.8 (18.2)

0.97

Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg

85.2 (9.0)

86.6 (9.0)

83.8 (9.0)

0.32

Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L

5.2 (1.5)

5.1 (1.5)

5.3 (1.6)

0.65

LDL-C, mean (SD), mmol/L

3.3 (0.8)

3.4 (1.0)

3.3 (0.6)

0.65

HDL-C, mean (SD), mmol/L

1.0 (0.2)

1.0 (0.2)

1.0 (0.2)

0.87

Triglycerides, median (Q1, Q3), mmol/L

1.9 (1.5, 2.8)

1.8 (1.4, 2.1)

2.3 (1.6, 2.8)

0.18

  1. Abbreviations: HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA2, Homeostasis Model Assessment 2; INSAUC, area under curve of insulin; IR, insulin resistance; KITT, glucose disposal rate for insulin tolerance test; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Q1, quartile 1; Q3, quartile 3; SD, standard deviation; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; %B, beta-cell function; %S, insulin sensitivity
  2. aDifferences between groups were assessed using the t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test or chi-square test where relevant
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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