Fig. 2

Subgroup analyses of the associations of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic use with all-cause mortality risk (users vs. nonusers). All estimates accounted for complex survey design of NHANES. Risk estimates were adjusted for baseline age (not adjusted in subgroup analysis by age), sex (not adjusted in subgroup analysis by sex), race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family income-poverty ratio, smoking status (not adjusted in subgroup analysis by smoking status), drinking status (not adjusted in subgroup analysis by drinking status), BMI (not adjusted in subgroup analysis by BMI), physical activity level (not adjusted in subgroup analysis by physical activity), family history of diabetes and heart attack, self-reported general health, HEI (not adjusted in subgroup analysis by HEI), self-reported chronic diseases (not adjusted in subgroup analysis by diabetes or hypertension), fiber intake (not adjusted in subgroup analysis by fiber intake), and yogurt consumption (not adjusted in subgroup analysis by yogurt consumption). Abbreviations: CI, confident interval; BMI, body mass index; HEI, healthy eating index