Table 1 Characteristics of US adults by nonfood prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic use
Characteristics | Total adults | Users of nonfood prebiotic, probiotic, or synbiotic | Nonusers of nonfood prebiotic, probiotic, or synbiotic | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Unweighted N | 53,333 | 848 | 52,485 | Â |
Weighted N | 2,623,632,303 | 57,294,217 | 2,566,338,086 | Â |
Age, years, mean (SE) | 50.5 (0.1) | 56.2 (0.6) | 50.5 (0.1) | < 0.001 |
Female, n (%) | 26,957, (50.5) | 539 (63.6) | 26,418 (50.3) | < 0.001 |
Race/Ethnicity, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Mexican American | 9166 (17.2) | 73 (8.6) | 9093 (17.3) |  |
 Non-Hispanic White | 23,587 (44.2) | 518 (61.1) | 23,069 (44.0) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 11,220 (21.0) | 119 (14.0) | 11,101 (21.2) |  |
 Others | 9360 (17.6) | 138 (16.3) | 9222 (17.6) |  |
Education level, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Less than high school | 14,750 (27.7) | 89 (10.5) | 14,661 (27.9) |  |
 High school or equivalent | 12,391 (23.2) | 148 (17.5) | 12,243 (23.3) |  |
 College or above | 26,192 (49.1) | 611 (72.1) | 25,581 (48.7) |  |
Physical activity, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 0 times/week | 25,518 (47.8) | 301 (35.5) | 25,217 (48.0) |  |
 1–2 times/week | 8391 (15.7) | 105 (12.4) | 8286 (15.8) |  |
 >=3 times/week | 19,424 (36.4) | 442 (52.1) | 18,982 (36.2) |  |
Family Income to Poverty Ratio, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
 <=1 | 10,897 (20.4) | 62 (7.3) | 10,835 (20.6) |  |
 1–3 | 22,913 (43.0) | 325 (38.3) | 22,588 (43.0) |  |
 > 3 | 19,523 (36.6) | 461 (54.4) | 19,062 (36.3) |  |
Smoking status, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.347 |
 Yes | 24,531 (46.0) | 376 (44.3) | 24,155 (46.0) |  |
 No | 28,802 (54.0) | 472 (55.7) | 28,330 (54.0) |  |
Drinking status, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.089 |
 Yes | 31,787 (59.6) | 530 (62.5) | 31,257 (59.6) |  |
 No | 21,546 (40.4) | 318 (37.5) | 21,228 (40.4) |  |
BMI, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.282 |
 < 25 | 15,976 (30.0) | 275 (32.4) | 15,701 (29.9) |  |
 25-29.9 | 18,089 (33.9) | 279 (32.9) | 17,810 (33.9) |  |
 >=30 | 19,268 (36.1) | 294 (34.7) | 18,974 (36.2) |  |
Comorbidities, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Hypertension | 18,959 (35.5) | 317 (37.4) | 18,642 (35.5) | 0.276 |
 Diabetes* | 7728 (14.5) | 135 (15.9) | 7593 (14.5) | 0.253 |
 Congestive heart failure | 1899 (3.6) | 24 (2.8) | 1875 (3.6) | 0.287 |
 Cancer | 5132 (9.6) | 142 (16.7) | 4990 (9.5) | < 0.001 |
 Kidney diseases | 1804 (3.4) | 32 (3.8) | 1772 (3.4) | 0.59 |
HEI-2015, mean (SE) | 51.4 (0.1) | 57.0 (0.5) | 51.3 (0.1) | < 0.001 |
HEI-2015, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Quarter 1 | 13,335 (25.0) | 122 (14.4) | 13,213 (25.2) |  |
 Quarter 2 | 13,332 (25.0) | 182 (21.5) | 13,150 (25.1) |  |
 Quarter 3 | 13,333 (25.0) | 189 (22.3) | 13,144 (25.0) |  |
 Quarter 4 | 13,333 (25.0) | 355 (41.9) | 12,978 (24.7) |  |
Dietary fiber, gm, mean (SE) | 29.7 (0.1) | 35.3 (0.6) | 29.6 (0.1) | < 0.001 |
Dietary fiber, n (%)* |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Quarter 1 | 13,109 (24.5) | 216 (25.5) | 12,893 (24.6) |  |
 Quarter 2 | 13,757 (25.9) | 156 (18.4) | 13,601 (25.9) |  |
 Quarter 3 | 13,261 (24.8) | 202 (23.8) | 13,059 (24.9) |  |
 Quarter 4 | 13,206 (24.7) | 274 (32.3) | 12,932 (24.6) |  |
Yogurt consumption, g, mean (SE) | 213.4 (0.6) | 211.7 (5.0) | 213.5 (0.6) | 0.881 |
Yogurt consumption, n (%)†|  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No consumption | 48,581 (91.1) | 695 (82.0) | 47,886 (91.2) |  |
 Low | 2421 (4.5) | 89 (10.5) | 2332 (4.4) |  |
 High | 2331 (4.4) | 64 (7.5) | 2267 (4.3) |  |