Table 1 Basic characteristics of the subjects in different groups

Subjects Characteristics

Age

10.37 ± 1.43

9.56 ± 1.75

9.32 ± 2.63

0.117

0.733

Gender (Boy, %)

38 (58.46)

35 (58.33)

27 (61.37)

0.119

0.942

Height (cm)

150.34 ± 9.98

153.32 ± 12.61

153.54 ± 12.01

0.073

0.942

Weight (kg)

54.02 ± 6.34

64.03 ± 7.53

70.57 ± 6.69*

4.251

0.033

BMI (kg/m²)

23.68 ± 1.76

26.67 ± 2.57*

29.01 ± 2.35*

4.869

0.005

Z scores

 LAZ

1.29 ± 0.34

1.81 ± 1.17

2.14 ± 1.46

1.225

0.224

 WAZ

1.49 ± 0.51

7.76 ± 3.31*

9.85 ± 3.64*

4.429

0.018

 BMI Z

1.08 ± 0.024

2.06 ± 0.29*

2.32 ± 0.27*

5.406

< 0.001

Body composition

 Body fat (kg)

18.31 ± 2.54

25.15 ± 5.67*

28.91 ± 7.44*^#

29.012

< 0.001

 Muscle mass (kg)

37.05 ± 8.12

36.53 ± 10.52

39.19 ± 12.76

0.829

0.438

 Body fat (%)

32.19 ± 3.36

39.21 ± 4.72*

40.77 ± 4.75*

61.460

< 0.001

 Muscle mass (%)

64.01 ± 3.18

57.13 ± 4.45*

55.73 ± 4.49*

64.821

< 0.001

 Visceral fat area (%)

101.09 ± 12.08

128.73 ± 17.74*

144.79 ± 26.13*^#

3.746

0.045

 Waist hip ratio

0.86 ± 0.047

0.89 ± 0.064*

0.91 ± 0.092*

4.709

0.011

Maternal characteristics

 Height (cm)

161.52 ± 4.39

160.33 ± 4.35

160.81 ± 4.87

0.161

0.689

 Weight (kg)

64.07 ± 9.64

63.15 ± 10.36

62.12 ± 9.96

0.163

0.688

 BMI (kg/m²)

24.56 ± 3.19

24.56 ± 3.85

24.01 ± 3.54

0.358

0.552

Paternal characteristics

 Height (cm)

175.83 ± 4.57

172.82 ± 4.96

173.74 ± 6.23

2.294

0.061

 Weight (kg)

77.73 ± 13.14

78.00 ± 11.87

82.47 ± 14.16

1.407

0.249

 BMI (kg/m²)

25.15 ± 3.98

26.07 ± 3.48

27.29 ± 4.35

3.032

0.052