Table 2 Biochemical indicators among the subjects in different groups

Glucose metabolism

 HbA1c (%)

5.02 ± 0.32

5.31 ± 0.27

5.48 ± 0.33*

0.047

 Fasting glucose (mM)

4.55 ± 0.21

4.99 ± 0.47

4.95 ± 0.40

0.817

 Fasting insulin (µIU/mL)

21.59 ± 5.15

27.91 ± 7.42

40.64 ± 8.21*^#

0.008

 HOMA-β

854.13 ± 145.24

706.72 ± 108.52

565.22 ± 112.05*^#

< 0.001

 HOMA-IR

5.09 ± 2.14

6.27 ± 2.33

9.12 ± 3.97*^#

< 0.001

Lipid metabolism

 TG (mM)

1.03 ± 0.16

1.12 ± 0.28

1.36 ± 0.26*

0.043

 TC (mM)

4.02 ± 0.34

4.23 ± 0.62

4.71 ± 0.59*

0.031

 HDL-C (mM)

1.62 ± 0.13

1.32 ± 0.25

1.34 ± 0.37

0.542

 LDL-C (mM)

2.12 ± 0.34

2.43 ± 0.47

2.84 ± 0.18*

0.032

 VLDL-C (mM)

0.21 ± 0.0098

0.22 ± 0.13

0.27 ± 0.13

0.875

Liver function

 ALT (U/L)

16.25 ± 4.02

20.54 ± 3.78

52.46 ± 6.18*^#

< 0.001

 AST (U/L)

19.05 ± 2.06

22.27 ± 3.06

37.71 ± 5.07*^#

< 0.001