Table 1 Demographic and lifestyle characteristics of participants across different categories of breakfast cereal consumption in the UK biobank study
Characteristic | Total | Non-consumers | Consumers | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants, n (%) | 186,168 | 48,789 | 137,379 | Â |
Mean age (SD), y | 55.58 (7.95) | 54.31 (8.00) | 56.04 (7.88) | < 0.001 |
Male sex, n (%) | 82,863 (44.5) | 22,251 (45.6) | 60,612 (44.1) | < 0.001 |
Mean TDI (SD) | -1.58 (2.87) | -1.11 (3.06) | -1.74 (2.78) | < 0.001 |
White ethnicity, n (%) | 168,914 (90.8) | 42,522 (87.2) | 126,392 (92.0) | < 0.001 |
College or university degree education, n (%) | 80,352 (43.2) | 20,291 (41.6) | 60,061 (43.7) | < 0.001 |
Mean physical activity time, MET min/week (mean (SD)) | 2,498.87 (2,468.23) | 2,470.60 (2,567.94) | 2,508.86 (2,431.96) | 0.007 |
BMI (SD) | 26.88 (4.61) | 27.47 (4.93) | 26.67 (4.47) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 30,264 (16.9) | 8803 (18.7) | 21,461 (16.2) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 6855 (3.7) | 1888 (3.9) | 4967 (3.6) | 0.010 |
High cholesterol, n (%) | 20,948 (11.3) | 5683 (11.6) | 15,265 (11.1) | 0.001 |
Family history of CVD, n (%) | 103,047 (56.3) | 25,981 (54.3) | 77,066 (57.0) | < 0.001 |
Family history of cancer, n (%) | 63,992 (34.9) | 16,441 (34.4) | 47,551 (35.1) | 0.002 |
Long-standing illness, n (%) | 49,155 (26.9) | 13,396 (28.0) | 35,759 (26.5) | < 0.001 |
Cholesterol-lowering drug use, n (%) | 22,635 (12.2) | 6019 (12.4) | 16,616 (12.1) | 0.130 |
Blood pressure drug use, n (%) | 29,302 (15.8) | 8139 (16.8) | 21,163 (15.5) | < 0.001 |
Insulin drug use, n (%) | 1374 (0.7) | 342 (0.7) | 1032 (0.8) | 0.291 |
Smoking status, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
   Never | 106,957 (57.6) | 24,761 (50.9) | 82,196 (60.0) |  |
   Sometimes | 64,054 (34.5) | 17,352 (35.7) | 46,702 (34.1) |  |
   Often | 14,669 (7.9) | 6518 (13.4) | 8151 (5.9) |  |
Alcohol, g/d (mean (SD)) | 16.25 (21.23) | 20.77 (26.01) | 14.65 (19.00) | < 0.001 |
Total energy intake, KJ/d (mean (SD)) | 8,853.61 (2,728.31) | 8,545.72 (2,985.86) | 8,962.96 (2,622.11) | < 0.001 |
Total fat intake, g/d (mean (SD)) | 73.34 (0.83) | 73.35 (0.83) | 73.34 (0.83) | 0.520 |
Total sugar, g/d (mean (SD)) | 121.07 (52.30) | 106.71 (54.86) | 126.17 (50.39) | < 0.001 |
Vegetables, servings/d (mean (SD)) | 4.90 (3.28) | 4.94 (3.61) | 4.88 (3.16) | 0.001 |
Fruit, servings/d (mean (SD)) | 3.09 (2.55) | 2.61 (2.52) | 3.26 (2.54) | < 0.001 |
Processed meat, servings/d (mean (SD)) | 1.82 (1.07) | 1.91 (1.10) | 1.78 (1.05) | < 0.001 |
Poultry, servings/d (mean (SD)) | 2.27 (0.91) | 2.30 (0.92) | 2.26 (0.91) | < 0.001 |
Red meat, servings/d (mean (SD)) | 3.60 (1.76) | 3.68 (1.82) | 3.57 (1.74) | < 0.001 |
Coffee consumption, n (%) | 142,604 (76.6) | 36,096 (74.0) | 106,508 (77.5) | < 0.001 |
Tea consumption, n (%) | 155,482 (83.5) | 37,548 (77.0) | 117,934 (85.8) | < 0.001 |
Milk consumption, n (%) | 178,040 (95.7) | 42,800 (87.9) | 135,240 (98.5) | < 0.001 |
Vitamin supplements, n (%) | 28,147 (15.1) | 6993 (14.3) | 21,154 (15.4) | < 0.001 |
Minerals supplements, n (%) | 43,062 (23.1) | 10,708 (21.9) | 32,354 (23.6) | < 0.001 |