Table 3 Demographic Characteristics of the included studies

Author (yaer)

Country

Subjects

Age range or Mean SD

Mean of BMI at the baseline

Design

Intervention group

Comparator group

Duration (wk/d)

Participants

Outcomes

Outcomes measurement methods

Kanikowska et al. (2019) [58]

Poland

I: 11

C: 8

48.3 ± 16

41.1

Parallel- A randomized controlled trial

Calorie restriction diet (was based on a 25–30% reduction in caloric intake compared to total energy requirement and 20% calories from protein, 25–30% from fat and 50–55% from carbohydrates) + 20 mL/d canola oil

Calorie restriction diet (was based on a 25–30% reduction in caloric intake compared to total energy requirement and 20% calories from protein, 25–30% from fat and 50–55% from carbohydrates) + 20 mL/d amaranth oil

3 wk

Obese

BW, BMI, WHR, fat mass, fat free mass

Tanita MC 980 MA, Tokyo, Japan

Moghtaderi et al. (2020) [76]

Iran

I: 69

C: 70

47.43 ± 1.17

28.21

Triple blind, randomised, three-way cross-over clinical trial

A healthy dietary pattern (30–32% of total calorie needs from fats, 50–52% from carbohydrates, and 16–18% from proteins) + Canola oil

A healthy dietary pattern (30–32% of total calorie needs from fats, 50–52% from carbohydrates, and 16–18% from proteins) + sesame oil

9 wk

Healthy adults

BW, BMI, visceral fat, body fat, muscle mass, WC, HC, WHR

Bioimpedance analyser (Omron, mode: BF511)

Raeisi-Dehkordi et al. 2021 [65]

Iran

I: 95

C: 93

49.17 ± 0.70

28.93

Triple blind, randomised, three-way cross-over clinical trial

A healthy dietary pattern (30–32% of total calorie needs from fats, 50–52% from carbohydrates, and 16–18% from proteins) + Canola oil

A healthy dietary pattern (30–32% of total calorie needs from fats, 50–52% from carbohydrates, and 16–18% from proteins) + sesame oil

9 wk

T2DM

BW, BMI, visceral fat, body fat, WC, HC, WHR, muscle mass

Bioimpedance analyser (Omron, mode: BF511)

Nicol et al.(2022) [15]

Scotland

I: 21

C: 40

25–75 years

-

Parallel randomised control design

Normal diet + 20 ml/d RO oil

1.Normal diet + 20 ml/d SO oil

2.Normal diet

12 wk

Healthy

BW, BMI, WC

-

Moszak et al.(2020) [53]

Poland

I: 26

C: 55

18–70 years

39.6

Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with 3 parallel groups

A calorie-restricted diet (70–75% of the total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) with an identical composition of macronutrients (20% protein, 25–30% fat, and 50–55% carbohydrates) and physical activity + 20 mL/d of RSO

1.A calorie-restricted diet ((70–75% of the total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) with an identical composition of macronutrients (20% protein, 25–30% fat, and 50–55% carbohydrates) and physical activity + 20 mL/d of ASO

2.A calorie-restricted diet ((70–75% of the total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) with an identical composition of macronutrients (20% protein, 25–30% fat, and 50–55% carbohydrates) and physical activity

3 wk

Obese

BW, BMI, WC, HC, WHR, FM, LBM, VFM

Bioelectrical impedance, Tanita MC 980 MA (Tanita, Tokyo, Japan)

Author (yaer)

Country

Subjects

Age range or Mean SD

Mean of BMI at the baseline

Design

Intervention group

Comparator group

Duration (wk/d)

Participants

Outcomes

Outcomes measurement methods

Kruse et al.(2020) [50]

Germany

I: 15

C: 11

27–72 years

-

Randomized controlled trial with an open-label, parallel-arm study design

Isocaloric diet + 50 g/d RA oil

Isocaloric diet + 50 g/d OL oil

8 wk

NAFLD

BW, BMI, total body fat, WHR

Air-displacement plethysmography system

Chauhan et al.(2020) [73]

India

I: 40

C: 40

30–45 years

-

Parallel-Non-randomized intervention trial

Diet and lifestyle advice for lipid lowering

based on the NCEP-ATP III (2002) guidelines + 15 ml/d canola oil

Diet and lifestyle advice for lipid lowering based on the NCEP-ATP III (2002) guidelines + 15 ml/d usual edible oil(s)

12 wk

Dyslipidemic

BW, BMI, WC

-

Dus-Zuchowska et al. (2019) [56]

Poland

I: 44

C: 44

48.77 ± 10.21

31.00

A randomised, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Study

20 ml/d RA oil

20 ml/d Am oil

3 wk

Overweight and Obese

BW, WC, WHR, BMI

-

Bowen et al.(2018) [77]

Canada

I: 119

C: 119

44 ± 13

31.7

A double-blind, randomized, controlled feeding, crossover, clinical trial

Isocaloric, healthy, weight-maintenance base diet + canola oil

1.Isocaloric, healthy, weight-maintenance base diet + HOCO

2.Isocaloric, healthy, weight-maintenance base diet + control oil

6 wk

Metabolic syndrome

BW

-

Atefi et al.[69]

Iran

I: 26

C: 51

-

28

A single-centered, parallel group, and randomized controlled clinical trial

Balanced diet (55% carbohydrate, 18% protein and 27% fat) + 30 g/day CO

1.Balanced diet (55% carbohydrate, 18% protein and 27% fat) + 30 g/day OO

2.Balanced diet (55% carbohydrate, 18% protein and 27% fat) + 30 g/day of sunflower oil

8 wk

T2DM

BW, BMI, WC

-

Małgorzata et al. (2020) [54]

Poland

I: 30

C: 30

45–65 years

-

Parallel—a randomised, double-blind

30 g/d Cold-pressed canola oil

30 g/d Of cold-pressed camelina oil

6 wk

Postmenopausal women with dyslipidemia

BW, BMI, WC, HC, WHR, fat mass

Bioimpedance method using a Tanita Body Fat Analyzer (model – BC 420 S MA with a medical certificate)

Salar et al.(2015) [67]

Iran

I: 24

C: 48

-

-

Parallel—a single-center; single blinded, randomized, controlled trial

Balance diet (55% carbohydrate, 18% protein and 27% fat) + 30 g CO/d

Balance diet (55% carbohydrate, 18% protein and 27% fat) + 30 g SO/d

8 wk

T2DM

BW

-

Author (yaer)

Country

Subjects

Age range or Mean SD

Mean of BMI at the baseline

Design

Intervention group

Comparator group

Duration (wk/d)

Participants

Outcomes

Outcomes measurement methods

Kruse et al.(2014) [53]

Germany

I: 9

C: 9

39–63

-

Parallel—A randomized controlled trial

50 g CO/d

50 g OO/d

4 wk

Moderate obesity

BW, BMI, body fat, WHR

Air-displacement plethysmography system

Nigam et al.[70]

India

I: 33

C: 60

20 to 50 years

-

A randomized, parallel, open-label design

Standard diet (15–21% protein (1–1.5 g/kg of desirable body weight), 55–70% carbohydrates, and 20% fats) + ≤ 20 g CO/d

1) Standard diet (15–21% protein (1–1.5 g/kg of desirable body weight), 55–70% carbohydrates, and 20% fats) + ≤ 20 g OO/d

2) Standard diet (15–21% protein (1–1.5 g/kg of desirable body weight), 55–70% carbohydrates, and 20% fats) + ≤ 20 g soybean and safflower oils/d

6 wk

NAFLD

BW, BMI, WC

-

Azemati et al.[68]

Iran

I: 20

C: 20

50.7 ± 6.1

-

Parallel- A randomized controlled trial

Normal diet + 40 g CO/d

Normal diet + 40 g SO/d

12 wk

Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

BW, BMI, WC, HC, WHR

-

Iggman et al. [47]

Sweden

I: 20

C: 20

25–68 years

26.3

Randomized, controlled, two-period, cross-over intervention

Isocaloric diet ( containing about 50% of energy from carbohydrates, 35% from fat and 14% from protein) based on CO

Isocaloric diet ( containing about 50% of energy from carbohydrates, 35% from fat and 14% from protein) based on dairy fat (SFAs)

3 wk

Hyperlipidemia

BW, BMI

-

Liu et al. (2016) [14]

Multicenter

I: 101

C: 101

49.5 ± 1.2

29.4

A randomized, crossover, five-period, controlled feeding study

Weight-maintaining diet (50% of energy from carbohydrate, 35% of energy from fat (18% from treatment oils), and 15% of energy from protein) based on CO (18% of total calories)

1) Weight-maintaining diet (50% of energy from carbohydrate, 35% of energy from fat (18% from treatment oils), and 15% of energy from protein) based on corn and safflower oils (18% of total calories)

2) Weight-maintaining diet (50% of energy from carbohydrate, 35% of energy from fat (18% from treatment oils), and 15% of energy from protein) based on flax and safflower oils (18% of total calories)

4 wk

Subjects with central obesity

BW, fat mass, lean mass

DXA According to the manufacturer’s recommendations (Lunar Prodigy Advance, Madison, WI; QDR-4500W; Hologic Corp, Waltham, MA)

Baxheinrich et al. [60]

Germany

I: 41

C: 40

-

-

Parallel- A randomized controlled trial

Hypoenergetic diet (Diets were calculated with 42% of total energy as carbohydrates, 20% as protein and 38% as fat. For both diets, targets for SFA were,10% and for MUFA 18% of energy) + 30 g CO/d

Hypoenergetic diet (Diets were calculated with 42% of total energy as carbohydrates, 20% as protein and 38% as fat. For both diets, targets for SFA were,10% and for MUFA 18% of energy) + 30 g OO/d

28 wk

Metabolic syndrome

BW, BMI, WC, body fat, lean mass

Bioelectric impedance analysis (Maltron International)

Author (yaer)

Country

Subjects

Age range or Mean SD

Mean of BMI at the baseline

Design

Intervention group

Comparator group

Duration (wk/d)

Participants

Outcomes

Outcomes measurement methods

Saedi et al.[71]

Iran

I: 52

C: 44

51.39 ± 12.85

27.71

Parallel—randomized controlled trial

CO as regular consumption

SO as regular consumption

24 wk

Hyperlipidemia

BW, BMI, WC, HC

-

Seppanen-Laakso et al.(1993) [61]

Finland

I: 23

C: 34

-

-

Parallel—randomized controlled trial

CO as water–oil emulsion (17 g/d)

1) OO as water–oil emulsion (19 g/d)

2) Breads containing margarine + butter

6 wk

Hyperlipidemia

BMI

-

Öhrvall et al.(2001) [55]

Sweden

I: 20

C: 20

50.9 ± 10

26.3

Randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial

Isocaloric diet based on CO

Isocaloric diet based on SFAs

3 wk

Healthy

BW, BMI, WHR

-

Jenkins et al. (2014) [54]

Canada

I: 70

C: 71

-

-

Parallel—randomized controlled trial

CO-enriched bread (4.5 slices: 31 g CO/d or 14% of total calories)

Whole-wheat bread without CO (7.5 slices/d)

12 wk

T2DM

BW, WC

-

Södergren et al.[48]

Sweden

I: 10

C: 9

50 ± 8

24.5

A randomised cross-over design

Diet based on CO

Diet based on SFAs

4 wk

Hyperlipidemia

BW

-

Kratz et al. (2002) [51]

Germany

I: 17

C: 38

25.7 ± 5.4

23

Parallel—randomized controlled trial

Diet based on CO

1) Diet based on SO

2) Diet based on OO

4 wk

Healthy

BW

-

Uusitupa et al. 1994 [44]

Finland

I: 10

C: 10

23 ± 1.6

21.5

Randomized crossover study design

Diet (40% fat, 45% carbohydrates, and 15% proteins) based on CO

Diet (40% fat, 45% carbohydrates, and 15% proteins) based on butter (SFAs) + small amount of CO

3 wk

Healthy

BW

-

Nydahl et al. (1995) [57]

Sweden

I: 22

C: 22

34.5- 69.2 years

-

Randomized crossover study design

Diet based on CO (32.9 ± 14.2 g CO/d)

Diet based on OO (32.9 ± 14.2 g OO/d)

3.5 wk

Hyperlipidemia

BW, BMI

-

Author (yaer)

Country

Subjects

Age range or Mean SD

Mean of BMI at the baseline

Design

Intervention group

Comparator group

Duration (wk/d)

Participants

Outcomes

Outcomes measurement methods

Chisholm et al. (2005) [59]

New Zealand

I: 28

C: 28

48.3 ± 10.3

26.9

Randomised cross over design

Low-fat diet (30–33% total energy from fat, 48–50% % total energy from carbohydrate, 16e18% total energy from protein) + cereal containing 15 g CO/d

Low-fat diet (30–33% total energy from fat, 48–50% % total energy from carbohydrate, 16e18% total energy from protein) + 30 g nuts/d

6 wk

Healthy

BW, BMI, WHR

-

Noroozi et a.(2009) [72]

Iran

I: 30

C: 30

39.7 ± 10.0

33.6

Parallel—randomized controlled trial

Low-calorie diet (containing 29% fats, 17% proteins and 54% carbohydrates) + 30 g CO/d

Low-calorie diet (containing 29% fats, 17% proteins and 54% carbohydrates)

4 wk

Hyperlipidemia

BW, BMI, WC, HC, WHR

-

Gustafsson et al. (1994) [62]

Sweden

I: 46

C: 49

-

-

Parallel—randomized controlled trial

Diet based on CO (≤ 30% of total calories)

Diet based on SO (≤ 30% of total calories)

3 wk

Hyperlipidemia

BW, BMI, WHR

-

Herrmann et al.(1997) [46]

Germany

I: 18

C: 35

53.9 ± 5.1

-

Parallel – a randomized, double-blind

Regular diet (45% complex carbohydrates, 25% protein, and 30% fat) + 12 g CO/d

Regular diet (45% complex carbohydrates, 25% protein, and 30% fat) + 12 g fish oil

4 wk

Coronary artery disease

BW

-

Wardlaw et al.[64]

United States

I: 16

C: 16

-

-

Parallel—randomized controlled trial

Diet based on CO (39 ± 1% of total calories)

Diet based on safflower oil (39 ± 1% of total calories)

8 wk

Healthy

BW

-

Bahareh Nikooyeh et.al. 2023 [75]

Iran

I:32

C: 30

57.6 ± 1.9

29.7

Parallel—randomized controlled trial

Diet based on CO

1)Diet based on enriched CO

2)Diet based on sunflower oil

12wk

T2DM

BMI,WC

-