Table 1 Description of global School-based student health survey (GSHS) study variables

Meal skipping

During the past 30 days, which meal do you most often skip in a day?

1 = I do not skip any meal during the past 30 days, 2 = Breakfast, 3 = Lunch, 4 = Dinner

(coded for any meal skipping: 1 = 0 and 2–4 = 1)

Independent variables

Age

How old are you?

11 years old or younger to 18 or years old or older

(coded ≤ 11–14 years = 0 and 15–18 + years = 1)

Sex

What is your sex?

Male, Female

Type of school

Are you going to a public or private school now?

1 = Public and 0 = Private

Food insecurity

During the past 30 days, how often did you go hungry because there was not enough food in your home?

1 = never to 5 = always

(coded 1–3 = 0, and 4–5 = 1)

Is religious or spiritual

Do you think of yourself as a religious or spiritual person?

1 = Yes and 0 = No

School attendance

During the past 30 days, on how many days did you miss classes or school without permission?

1 = 0 days to 5 = 10 or more days (coded 1 = 1 and 2–5 = 0)

Peer support

During the past 30 days, how often were most of the students in your school kind and helpful?

1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)

Parental supervision

During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians check to see if your homework was done?

1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)

Parental connectedness

During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians understand your problems and worries?

1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)

Parental bonding

During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians really know what you were doing with your free time?

1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)

Parental respect

During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians go through without your approval?

1 = never to 5 = always (coded 3–5 = 0 and 1–2 = 1)

Dietary exposure indicators

Taught healthy eating

During this school year, were you taught in any of your class the benefits of healthy eating?

1 = Yes, 0 = No or do not know

Can buy soft drinks in school

Can you buy sugar-sweetened beverages such as sports drink, energy drinks, fruit drinks that are not 100% juice, and/or carbonated soft drinks in your school?

1 = Yes, 0 = No

Dietary outcome indicators

Low fruit intake

During the past 7 days, how many times did you eat fruit, such as bananas, mangoes, or papaya?

1 = did not eat fruit during the past 7 days, 2 = 1 to 3 times during the past 7 days, 3 = 4 to 6 times during the past 7 days, 4 = 1 time per day, 5 = 2 times per day, 6 = 3 times per day, 7 = 4 or more times per day (coded < 1 per day, 1–3 = 1, 4–7 = 0)

Low vegetable intake

During the past 7 days, how many times did you eat vegetables, such as tomatoes, kangkong, cabbage and string beans?

1 = did not eat vegetables during the past 7 days, 2 = 1 to 3 times during the past 7 days, 3 = 4 to 6 times during the past 7 days, 4 = 1 time per day, 5 = 2 times per day, 6 = 3 times per day, 7 = 4 or more times per day” (coded < 1 per day, 1–3 = 1, 4–7 = 0)

Soft drink intake

During the past 7 days, how many times did you drink a can, bottle, or glass of carbonated soft drinks, such as Coke or Pepsi?

1 = did not drink carbonated soft drinks during the past 7 days, 2 = 1 to 3 times during the past 7 days, 3 = 4 to 6 times during the past 7 days, 4 = 1 time per day, 5 = 2 times per day, 6 = 3 times per day, 7 = 4 or more times per day” (coded 1 + per day, 4–7 = 1, 1–3 = 0)

Fast food consumption

During the past 7 days, on how many days did you eat food from a fast-food restaurant, such as McDonalds, Jollibee, or Pizza Restaurants, etc.?

1 = 0 to 8 = 7 days (coded 1 = 0 and 2–8 = 1)

How tall are you without your shoes on? (in metres)

How much do you weigh without your shoes on? (in kilograms)

Mental health outcome indicators

Suicidal ideation

During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide?

Yes, No

Suicide plan

During the past 12 months, did you make a plan about how you would attempt suicide?

Yes, No

Suicide attempt

During the past 12 months, how many times did you actually attempt suicide?

1 = 0 times to 5 = 6 or more times (coded: 1 = 0 and 2–5 = 1)

Loneliness

During the past 12 months, how often have you felt lonely?

1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)

Worry-induced sleep disturbance

During the past 12 months, how often have you been so worried about something that you could not sleep at night?

1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)

Health risk outcome behaviours

Sedentary behaviour

How much time do you spend during a typical or usual day sitting and watching television, playing computer games, talking with friends, or doing other sitting activities such as playing cards?

1 = less than 1 h per day; 2 = 1–2 h/day; 3 = 3–4 h/day; 4 = 5–6 h/day; 5 = 7–8 h/day and 6 = 8 or more hours per day (coded 1–2 = 0 and 3–6 = 1)

Physical inactivity

During the past 7 days, on how many days were you physically active for a total of at least 60 min per day?

0 = 0 days to 7 = 7 days

(coded 7 = 0 and 0–6 = 1)

Current alcohol use

During the past 30 days, on how many days did you have at least one drink containing alcohol?

1 = 0 days to 7 = All 30 days

(coded 1 = 0 and 2–7 = 1)

History of intoxication

During your life, how many times did you drink so much alcohol that you were really drunk?

1 = 0 times to 4 = 10 or more times

(coded 1 = 2–4 and 1 = 0)

Current drug use

During the past 30 days, what was the last drug/substance that you used?

1 = I did not use any drug/substance in the past 30 days, 2 = Marijuana, 3 = Shabu, 4 = Ecstasy, 5 = Rugby, 6 = Cocaine

(coded 1 = 0 and 2–5 = 1)

Physical injury

During the past 12 months, how many times were you seriously injured?

1 = 0 times to 8 = 12 or more times

(coded 1 = 0 and 2–8 = 1)

Hand washing before meals (not always)

During the past 30 days, how often did you wash your hands before eating?

1 = never to 5 = always

(coded 1–4 = 1 and 5 = 0)

Hand washing with soap (not always)

During the past 30 days, how often did you use soap when washing your hands?

1 = never to 5 = always

(coded 1–4 = 1 and 5 = 0)

Inadequate teeth brushing

During the past 30 days, how many times per day did you usually clean or brush your teeth?

1 = 0 times in the past 30 days, 2 = Less than 1 time per day, 3 = 1 time per day, 4 = 2 times per day, 5 = 3 times per day, 6 = 4 or more times per day

(coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–6 = 1)

Seat belt use (not always)

During the past 30 days, how often did you use a seat belt when riding in a car or other motor vehicle driven by someone else?

1 = I did not ride in a motor vehicle driven by someone else, 2 = Never, 3 = Rarely, 4 = Sometimes, 5 = Most of the time, 6 = Always (Coded 2–4 = 1 and 1 or 6 = 0)