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Table 4 Multinomial logistic regression with skipping breakfast, skipping lunch, and skipping dinner (with no meal skipping as reference category) (adjusted risk ratios), and binary logistic regression with any meal skipping (with no meal skipping as reference category) (adjusted odds ratios)

From: Meal skipping among adolescents in the Philippines: prevalence, associated factors, and associations with dietary, mental health, and health risk behavioural outcomes

Variables

Skipping breakfast

Skipping lunch

Skipping dinner

Any meal skipping

 

ARRR (95% CI)

ARRR (95% CI)

ARRR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

Sex

    

Female

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

Male

0.69 (0.61 to 0.78)***

0.78 (0.65 to 0.93)**

0.63 (0.51 to 0.77)***

0.70 (0.62 to 0.80)**

Age in years

    

≤11–14

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

15–18+

1.53 (1.30 to 1.80)***

1.55 (1.30 to 1.85)***

1.39 (1.14 to 1.70)***

1.51 (1.33 to 1.72)***

Type of school

    

Private

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

Public

1.11 (0.82 to 1.50)

1.15 (0.84 to 1.57)

0.96 (0.76 to 1.20)

1.09 (0.92 to 1.29)

Food insecurity

    

No

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

Yes (mostly or always)

1.01 (0.87 to 1.18)

1.29 (1.05 to 1.59)*

1.45 (1.14 to 1.86)**

1.16 (1.03 to 1.30)**

Religious

    

No

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

Yes

0.79 (0.67 to 0.94)**

0.83 (0.68 to 1.01)

0.76 (0.63 to 0.93)**

0.80 (0.70 to 0.92)**

School attendance

    

No

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

Yes (every day)

0.76 (0.65 to 0.88)***

0.75 (0.62 to 0.91)**

0.78 (0.63 to 0.96)*

0.76 (0.66 to 0.87)***

Peer support

    

No

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

Yes (mostly or always)

0.87 (0.76 to 0.99)*

0.85 (0.73 to 1.00)

0.91 (0.73 to 1.12)

0.87 (0.77 to 0.98)*

Parental support

    

Low (0–1)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

Moderate (2)

0.99 (0.86 to 1.13)

0.84 (0.69 to 1.03)

1.14 (0.91 to 1.44)

0.97 (0.85 to 1.10)

High (3–4)

0.68 (0.57 to 0.81)***

0.56 (0.47 to 0.68)***

0.76 (0.57 to 1.01)

0.65 (0.56 to 0.76)***

Taught healthy eating

    

No

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

Yes

0.92 (0.71 to 1.20)

0.86 (0.67 to 1.09)

0.83 (0.56 to 1.25)

0.89 (0.70 to 1.12)

Can buy soft drinks in school (yes)

    

No

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

Yes

1.07 (0.94 to 1.22)

1.00 (0.85 to 1.18)

1.15 (0.98 to 1.35)

1.06 (0.96 to 1.17)

  1. ARRR = Adjusted Relative Risk Ratio; AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Intervals; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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