Associations of low-carbohydrate diets patterns with the risk of hyperuricemia: a national representative cross-sectional study in Korea

Table 2 Age- and multivariable¹⁻adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of hyperuricemia according to quintiles of low-carbohydrate diet scores

	Quintiles (Q) of diet scores					P-trend²
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	P-trend²
Overall low-carbohydrate diet score
Median	4	11	16	21	26
N. cases/ N. non-cases	718/6,170	894/6,550	848/6,399	822/6,106	750/4,703
Age-adjusted OR (95% CIs)	1.00 (ref)	1.28 (1.13–1.45)	1.28 (1.13–1.45)	1.18 (1.04–1.34)	1.42 (1.24–1.63)	< 0.001
MV-adjusted OR (95% CIs)	1.00 (ref)	1.21 (1.06–1.38)	1.22 (1.07–1.40)	1.13 (0.99–1.30)	1.41 (1.22–1.63)	< 0.001
Animal-rich low-carbohydrate diet score
Median	4	11	16	21	26
N. cases/ N. non-cases	809/6,863	734/6,209	743/5,702	874/5,586	872/5,568
Age-adjusted OR (95% CIs)	1.00 (ref)	1.07 (0.95–1.22)	1.17 (1.03–1.33)	1.34 (1.19–1.52)	1.35 (1.19–1.53)	< 0.001
MV-adjusted OR (95% CIs)	1.00 (ref)	1.06 (0.93–1.21)	1.16 (1.01–1.33)	1.31 (1.15–1.50)	1.28 (1.12–1.47)	< 0.001
Plant-rich low-carbohydrate diet score
Median	8	12	15	18	23
N. cases/ N. non-cases	887/6,472	783/5,698	790/5,825	950/7,175	622/4,758
Age-adjusted OR (95% CIs)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (0.88–1.21)	1.00 (0.89–1.23)	0.98 (0.87–1.10)	0.95 (0.83–1.08)	0.42
MV-adjusted OR (95% CIs)	1.00 (ref)	0.97 (0.85–1.11)	0.96 (0.84–1.09)	1.02 (0.90–1.16)	1.00 (0.87–1.16)	0.75

¹ Multivariable model was adjusted for age (quintiles, years), sex (men, women), household income (low, middle-low, middle-high, high), educational level (elementary school, middle school, high school, college or higher), smoking status (never, past, current), alcoholic consumption (never, past, < 2 times/week, ≥ 2 times/week), physical activity (quintiles, MET-min/week), BMI (< 18.5, ≥ 18.5-<23.0, ≥ 23.0-<25.0, ≥ 25.0 kg/m²), eGFR (continuous, ml/min/1.73 m²), hypertension (yes, no), diabetes (yes, no), hypercholesterolemia (yes, no) and intakes of total energy (quintiles, kcal/day) and fruits and vegetables (quintiles, g/day)
² P-trend was calculated by including the median value within each quintile of low-carbohydrate diet scores as a continuous term

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