The link between ultra-processed food consumption, fecal microbiota, and metabolomic profiles in older mediterranean adults at high cardiovascular risk

Table 2 Baseline and 1-year changes in selected anthropometric, physical activity and dietary variables

Characteristics	Baseline	1-year change	P value
BMI (kg/m²)	32.83 ± 3.51	–1.00 ± 5.09	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	107.75 ± 9.99	–3.17 ± 14.51	< 0.001
Physical activity (METs min/day)	368.29 ± 324.39	106.70 ± 477.35	< 0.001
Alcohol intake (g/day)	10.83 ± 13.45	–1.19 ± 18.31	0.204
Fiber intake (g/day)	26.74 ± 7.99	3.16 ± 10.92	< 0.001
NOVA G1 consumption (g/day)	1349.27 ± 355.99	107.06 ± 484.81	< 0.001
NOVA G2 consumption (g/day)	60.67 ± 18.49	–1.93 ± 25.48	0.137
NOVA G3 consumption (g/day)	432.34 ± 219.68	–71.55 ± 300.68	< 0.001
UPF (NOVA G4) consumption (g/day)	155.89 ± 135.80	–61.43 ± 172.51	< 0.001

BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; G1, Group 1; G2, Group 2; G3, Group 3; G4, Group 4; UPF, ultra-processed food. Differences between timepoints tested with paired t-test. Significant P < 0.05

ISSN: 1475-2891