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Table 2 Basic characteristics according to categories of general and abdominal obesitya

From: Chrononutrition behaviors in relation to diet quality and obesity: do dietary assessment methods and energy intake misreporting matter?

  

General obesityb

Abdominal obesityc

 

All

(n = 1047)

No

(n = 779)

Yes

(n = 268)

Pd

No

(n = 721)

Yes

(n = 326)

Pd

Age (years)

44.4 ± 14.0

44.3 ± 14.1

44.9 ± 13.6

0.54

43.4 ± 14.0

46.7 ± 13.7

0.0003

Body mass index (kg/m2)

23.0 ± 3.9

21.2 ± 2.1

28.3 ± 3.0

< 0.0001

21.3 ± 2.4

26.8 ± 3.8

< 0.0001

Waist circumference (cm)

81.2 ± 11.0

76.7 ± 7.5

94.1 ± 9.3

< 0.0001

75.9 ± 7.1

92.8 ± 9.1

< 0.0001

Sex

   

< 0.0001

  

0.005

 Male

530 (50.6)

359 (46.1)

171 (63.8)

 

386 (53.5)

144 (44.2)

 

 Female

517 (49.4)

420 (53.9)

97 (36.2)

 

335 (46.5)

182 (55.8)

 

Education level

   

0.16

  

0.06

 Junior high school or high school

274 (26.2)

193 (24.8)

81 (30.2)

 

175 (24.3)

99 (30.4)

 

 Junior college or technical school

354 (33.8)

273 (35.0)

81 (30.2)

 

243 (33.7)

111 (34.0)

 

 University or higher

419 (40.0)

313 (40.2)

106 (39.6)

 

303 (42.0)

116 (35.6)

 

Employment status

   

0.04

  

0.0008

 None

63 (6.0)

48 (6.2)

15 (5.6)

 

32 (4.4)

31 (9.5)

 

 Student

24 (2.3)

23 (3.0)

1 (0.4)

 

22 (3.1)

2 (0.6)

 

 Part-time job

159 (15.2)

125 (16.0)

34 (12.7)

 

105 (14.6)

54 (16.6)

 

 Full-time job

801 (76.5)

583 (74.8)

218 (81.3)

 

562 (77.9)

239 (73.3)

 

Annual household income

   

0.17

  

0.08

 < 4 million yen

292 (27.9)

205 (26.3)

87 (32.5)

 

186 (25.8)

106 (32.5)

 

 ≥ 4 to < 7 million yen

348 (33.2)

265 (34.0)

83 (31.0)

 

245 (34.0)

103 (31.6)

 

 ≥ 7 million yen

375 (35.8)

282 (36.2)

93 (34.7)

 

264 (36.6)

111 (34.0)

 

 Unknown/do not want to answer

32 (3.1)

27 (3.5)

5 (1.9)

 

26 (3.6)

6 (1.8)

 

Smoking status

   

0.01

  

0.99

 Never

678 (64.8)

524 (67.3)

154 (57.5)

 

466 (64.6)

212 (65.0)

 

 Past

188 (18.0)

131 (16.8)

57 (21.3)

 

130 (18.0)

58 (17.8)

 

 Current

181 (17.3)

124 (15.9)

57 (21.3)

 

125 (17.3)

56 (17.2)

 

Physical activity

   

0.16

  

0.009

 Low

504 (48.1)

363 (46.6)

141 (52.6)

 

324 (44.9)

180 (55.2)

 

 Middle

401 (38.3)

311 (39.9)

90 (33.6)

 

294 (40.8)

107 (32.8)

 

 High

142 (13.6)

105 (13.5)

37 (13.8)

 

103 (14.3)

39 (12.0)

 

Experience of shift work during the preceding three

months

   

 < 0.0001

  

0.002

 No

803 (76.7)

626 (80.4)

177 (66.0)

 

573 (79.5)

230 (70.6)

 

 Yes

244 (23.3)

153 (19.6)

91 (34.0)

 

148 (20.5)

96 (29.4)

 

Reporting status based on MDHQe

   

< 0.0001

  

0.03

 Underreporting

461 (44.0)

304 (39.0)

157 (58.6)

 

299 (41.5)

162 (49.7)

 

 Acceptable reporting

573 (54.7)

462 (59.3)

111 (41.4)

 

411 (57.0)

162 (49.7)

 

 Overreporting

13 (1.2)

13 (1.7)

0 (0.0)

 

11 (1.5)

2 (0.6)

 

Reporting status based on 4-d weighed food diariese

   

< 0.0001

  

0.13

 Underreporting

149 (14.2)

85 (10.9)

64 (23.9)

 

93 (12.9)

56 (17.2)

 

 Acceptable reporting

883 (84.3)

681 (87.4)

202 (75.4)

 

616 (85.4)

267 (81.9)

 

 Overreporting

15 (1.4)

13 (1.7)

2 (0.7)

 

12 (1.7)

3 (0.9)

 

Chronotype based on questionnaires (clock time;

decimal)f

3.3 ± 1.5

3.3 ± 1.6

3.3 ± 1.3

0.68

3.3 ± 1.7

3.2 ± 1.2

0.21

Chronotype based on 11-day diaries (clock time;

decimal)f

3.5 ± 1.3

3.5 ± 1.3

3.5 ± 1.4

0.97

3.6 ± 1.3

3.5 ± 1.3

0.33

Daily sleep duration based on questionnaires (hours;

decimal)g

6.9 ± 1.1

7.0 ± 1.1

6.8 ± 1.1

0.001

7.0 ± 1.1

6.8 ± 1.2

0.04

Daily sleep duration based on 11-day diaries (hours;

decimal)g

6.7 ± 1.0

6.8 ± 0.9

6.5 ± 1.0

0.0004

6.8 ± 0.9

6.6 ± 1.0

0.03

HEI-2020 based on MDHQ

49.3 ± 9.1

50.1 ± 9.0

47.1 ± 9.2

< 0.0001

50.0 ± 8.9

47.8 ± 9.4

0.005

HEI-2020 based on 4-day weighed food diaries

50.7 ± 8.8

51.4 ± 8.8

48.9 ± 8.6

< 0.0001

51.2 ± 8.8

49.6 ± 8.8

0.005

  1. MDHQ Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire, HEI Healthy Eating Index
  2. aValues are means ± standard deviations for continuous variables and numbers (percentages) of participants for categorical variables
  3. bGeneral obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 for both sexes [77]
  4. cAbdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for male individuals and ≥ 80 cm for female individuals [77]
  5. dBased on the independent t-test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables
  6. eDetermined using the ratio of reported energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate, taking into account physical activity level at the individual level [54, 87]
  7. fBased on the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire concept of chronotype [74], as follows. For people whose sleep duration on non-workdays was longer than that on workdays, chronotype was defined as the midpoint of sleep on non-workdays, adjusted for possible sleep debt accumulated on workday nights, namely by subtracting half of the difference between sleep duration on non-workdays and sleep duration on workdays. For people whose sleep duration on non-workdays was equal to or shorter than that on workdays, chronotype was defined as the midpoint of sleep on non-workdays. Values are shown in decimal format; for example, 3.3 means 3:18 AM
  8. gValues are shown in decimal format; for example, 6.9 means a duration of 6 h and 54 min
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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