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Table 4 Associations between chrononutrition behavior variables and overall diet quallitya

From: Chrononutrition behaviors in relation to diet quality and obesity: do dietary assessment methods and energy intake misreporting matter?

 

Questionnaire-based analysisb

Diary-based analysisc

 

Model 1

(without adjustment for energy intake reporting status)d

Model 2

(with adjustment for energy intake reporting status)e

Model 1

(without adjustment for energy intake reporting status)d

Model 2

(with adjustment for energy intake reporting status)e

Workdays

 Meal frequency (number/day)

0.92 (-0.32, 2.16)

0.70 (-0.57, 1.97)

1.24 (-0.12, 2.61)

1.03 (-0.36, 2.41)

 Snack frequency (number/day)

-1.61 (-2.17, -1.06)

-1.83 (-2.39, -1.26)

0.03 (-0.54, 0.60)

-0.08 (-0.66, 0.50)

 Daily total eating frequency (number/day)

-1.10 (-1.59, -0.61)

-1.34 (-1.85, -0.83)

0.20 (-0.31, 0.71)

0.08 (-0.44, 0.61)

 Timing of first eating occasion (clock time; decimal)

-0.15 (-0.38, 0.09)

-0.10 (-0.34, 0.14)

-0.30 (-0.55, -0.05)

-0.26 (-0.52, -0.01)

 Timing of last eating occasion (clock time; decimal)

-0.55 (-0.87, -0.23)

-0.56 (-0.89, -0.24)

-0.41 (-0.87, 0.05)

-0.48 (-0.94, -0.01)

 Duration of eating window (hours; decimal)

-0.10 (-0.31, 0.10)

-0.15 (-0.36, 0.06)

0.14 (-0.08, 0.37)

0.10 (-0.13, 0.33)

 Eating midpoint (clock time; decimal)

-0.51 (-0.87, -0.15)

-0.47 (-0.84, -0.11)

-0.61 (-1.04, -0.18)

-0.58 (-1.01, -0.15)

Non-workdays

    

 Meal frequency (number/day)

1.40 (0.20, 2.60)

1.24 (0.02, 2.45)

1.20 (-0.15, 2.56)

0.93 (-0.47, 2.32)

 Snack frequency (number/day)

-1.20 (-1.74, -0.67)

-1.40 (-1.95, -0.85)

-0.32 (-0.95, 0.31)

-0.46 (-1.11, 0.18)

 Daily total eating frequency (number/day)

-0.71 (-1.19, -0.24)

-0.90 (-1.40, -0.41)

-0.05 (-0.58, 0.49)

-0.20 (-0.76, 0.36)

 Timing of first eating occasion (clock time; decimal)

-0.27 (-0.56, 0.02)

-0.23 (-0.52, 0.06)

-0.23 (-0.55, 0.09)

-0.18 (-0.50, 0.14)

 Timing of last eating occasion (clock time; decimal)

-0.43 (-0.79, -0.08)

-0.46 (-0.82, -0.11)

-0.26 (-0.72, 0.20)

-0.35 (-0.81, 0.12)

 Duration of eating window (hours; decimal)

-0.01 (-0.24, 0.22)

-0.05 (-0.28, 0.18)

0.08 (-0.19, 0.35)

0.01 (-0.27, 0.29)

 Eating midpoint (clock time; decimal)

-0.66 (-1.10, -0.22)

-0.63 (-1.07, -0.18)

-0.46 (-0.96, 0.05)

-0.43 (-0.94, 0.08)

Eating jetlag based on eating midpoint (hours; decimal)

-0.79 (-1.35, -0.23)

-0.74 (-1.30, -0.18)

-0.54 (-1.27, 0.18)

-0.50 (-1.22, 0.22)

  1. aValues are regression coefficients (95% confidence intervals). Regression coefficients mean the change of Healthy Eating Index-2020 with one point increase of each variable listed. Meals included breakfast, lunch, and dinner
  2. bChrononutrition behavior variables were assessed using the Chrono-Nutrition Behavior Questionnaire; the Healthy Eating Index-2020 was derived from the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire
  3. cChrononutrition behavior variables were assessed using the 11-day diaries of eating; the Healthy Eating Index-2020 was derived from the 4-day weighed food diaries
  4. dAdjustment was made for sex (male or female), age (years, continuous), education level (junior high school or high school, junior college or technical school, and university or higher), employment status (none, student, part-time job, and full-time job), annual household income (< 4 million yen, ≥ 4 to < 7 million yen, ≥ 7 million yen, and unknown/do not want to answer), smoking status (never, past, and current), physical activity (low, middle, and high), experience of shiftwork during the preceding three months (yes or no), chronotype (hours, continuous), and sleep duration (hours/day, continuous)
  5. eAdjustment was made for variables entered into model 1 and energy intake reporting status (underreporting, acceptable reporting, or overreporting)
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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