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Table 5 Associations between chrononutrition behavior variables and general obesity and abdominal obesitya

From: Chrononutrition behaviors in relation to diet quality and obesity: do dietary assessment methods and energy intake misreporting matter?

 

Questionnaire-based analysisb

Diary-based analysisc

 

Model 1

(without adjustment for energy intake reporting status)d

Model 2

(with adjustment

for energy intake reporting status)e

Model 1

(without adjustment for energy intake reporting status)d

Model 2

(with adjustment

for energy intake reporting status)e

Workdays

 Meal frequency (number/day)

  General obesity

0.85 (0.61, 1.18)

1.04 (0.74, 1.46)

0.81 (0.55, 1.18)

0.93 (0.63, 1.38)

  Abdominal obesity

1.21 (0.87, 1.67)

1.41 (1.01, 1.97)

1.21 (0.82, 1.78)

1.35 (0.91, 2.01)

 Snack frequency (number/day)

  General obesity

1.06 (0.91, 1.24)

1.19 (1.02, 1.41)

0.94 (0.79, 1.12)

1.01 (0.85, 1.21)

  Abdominal obesity

1.17 (1.01, 1.35)

1.27 (1.09, 1.48)

0.99 (0.84, 1.16)

1.04 (0.88, 1.23)

 Total eating frequency (number/day)

  General obesity

1.02 (0.89, 1.16)

1.16 (1.001, 1.33)

0.92 (0.79, 1.07)

1.00 (0.85, 1.17)

  Abdominal obesity

1.16 (1.02, 1.32)

1.28 (1.12, 1.47)

1.02 (0.88, 1.17)

1.08 (0.93, 1.25)

 Timing of first eating occasion (clock time; decimal)

  General obesity

0.98 (0.92, 1.05)

0.94 (0.89, 1.01)

1.01 (0.95, 1.09)

0.99 (0.92, 1.06)

  Abdominal obesity

0.95 (0.89, 1.01)

0.92 (0.87, 0.99)

0.95 (0.88, 1.02)

0.94 (0.87, 1.01)

 Timing of last eating occasion (clock time; decimal)

  General obesity

1.04 (0.95, 1.13)

1.05 (0.96, 1.15)

1.04 (0.91, 1.19)

1.09 (0.95, 1.25)

  Abdominal obesity

1.05 (0.97, 1.15)

1.06 (0.98, 1.16)

0.99 (0.87, 1.13)

1.02 (0.90, 1.16)

 Duration of eating window (hours; decimal)

  General obesity

1.03 (0.97, 1.08)

1.06 (1.01, 1.13)

1.00 (0.94, 1.07)

1.03 (0.96, 1.10)

  Abdominal obesity

1.06 (1.003, 1.11)

1.08 (1.03, 1.15)

1.04 (0.97, 1.11)

1.06 (0.99, 1.14)

 Eating midpoint (clock time; decimal)

    

  General obesity

1.00 (0.91, 1.10)

0.96 (0.87, 1.06)

1.04 (0.92, 1.17)

1.02 (0.90, 1.15)

  Abdominal obesity

0.98 (0.89, 1.07)

0.95 (0.86, 1.04)

0.93 (0.82, 1.05)

0.92 (0.81, 1.04)

Non-workdays

 Meal frequency (number/day)

  General obesity

0.87 (0.63, 1.20)

1.02 (0.73, 1.42)

0.85 (0.58, 1.25)

1.04 (0.69, 1.56)

  Abdominal obesity

1.28 (0.93, 1.75)

1.44 (1.04, 1.99)

1.07 (0.73, 1.56)

1.23 (0.83, 1.83)

 Snack frequency (number/day)

  General obesity

1.00 (0.87, 1.17)

1.11 (0.95, 1.30)

0.95 (0.79, 1.15)

1.04 (0.86, 1.26)

  Abdominal obesity

1.08 (0.94, 1.24)

1.17 (1.01, 1.35)

0.97 (0.82, 1.15)

1.03 (0.86, 1.23)

 Total eating frequency (number/day)

  General obesity

0.98 (0.86, 1.12)

1.09 (0.95, 1.25)

0.94 (0.80, 1.10)

1.04 (0.88, 1.22)

  Abdominal obesity

1.10 (0.97, 1.24)

1.20 (1.05, 1.36)

0.99 (0.85, 1.15)

1.06 (0.91, 1.23)

 Timing of first eating occasion (clock time; decimal)

    

  General obesity

0.98 (0.90, 1.06)

0.94 (0.86, 1.02)

1.00 (0.91, 1.09)

0.96 (0.88, 1.05)

  Abdominal obesity

0.93 (0.86, 1.00)

0.90 (0.84, 0.98)

0.96 (0.88, 1.05)

0.94 (0.86, 1.03)

 Timing of last eating occasion (clock time; decimal)

  General obesity

1.03 (0.93, 1.13)

1.05 (0.95, 1.16)

1.04 (0.91, 1.19)

1.10 (0.96, 1.27)

  Abdominal obesity

1.09 (0.995, 1.20)

1.11 (1.01, 1.22)

0.98 (0.86, 1.11)

1.02 (0.90, 1.16)

 Duration of eating window (hours; decimal)

  General obesity

1.03 (0.96, 1.09)

1.06 (0.995, 1.13)

1.02 (0.94, 1.10)

1.07 (0.98, 1.16)

  Abdominal obesity

1.08 (1.02, 1.15)

1.11 (1.04, 1.18)

1.02 (0.95, 1.10)

1.05 (0.98, 1.14)

 Eating midpoint (clock time; decimal)

  General obesity

0.99 (0.88, 1.12)

0.97 (0.85, 1.09)

1.02 (0.88, 1.18)

1.01 (0.87, 1.16)

  Abdominal obesity

0.98 (0.88, 1.11)

0.97 (0.86, 1.09)

0.94 (0.82, 1.08)

0.94 (0.81, 1.08)

Eating jetlag based on eating midpoint (hours; decimal)

  General obesity

0.94 (0.80, 1.09)

0.90 (0.77, 1.04)

1.02 (0.83, 1.25)

0.99 (0.80, 1.22)

  Abdominal obesity

0.93 (0.80, 1.08)

0.90 (0.78, 1.05)

0.96 (0.78, 1.17)

0.94 (0.77, 1.15)

  1. aValues are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for general and abdominal obesity per one point increase of each variable listed. General obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 for both sexes [77]. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for male individuals and ≥ 80 cm for female individuals [77]. Meals included breakfast, lunch, and dinner
  2. bChrononutrition behavior variables were assessed using the Chrono-Nutrition Behavior Questionnaire; the Healthy Eating Index-2020 was derived from the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire
  3. cChrononutrition behavior variables were assessed using the 11-day diaries of eating; the Healthy Eating Index-2020 was derived from the 4-day weighed food diaries
  4. dAdjustment was made for sex (male or female), age (years, continuous), education level (junior high school or high school, junior college or technical school, and university or higher), employment status (none, student, part-time job, and full-time job), annual household income (< 4 million yen, ≥ 4 to < 7 million yen, ≥ 7 million yen, and unknown/do not want to answer), smoking status (never, past, and current), physical activity (low, middle, and high), experience of shiftwork during the preceding three months (yes or no), chronotype (hours, continuous), sleep duration (hours/day, continuous), and Healthy Eating Index-2020 (continuous)
  5. eAdjustment was made for variables entered into model 1 and energy intake reporting status (underreporting, acceptable reporting, or overreporting)
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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