Your privacy, your choice

We use essential cookies to make sure the site can function. We also use optional cookies for advertising, personalisation of content, usage analysis, and social media.

By accepting optional cookies, you consent to the processing of your personal data - including transfers to third parties. Some third parties are outside of the European Economic Area, with varying standards of data protection.

See our privacy policy for more information on the use of your personal data.

for further information and to change your choices.
Skip to main content

Table 1 General characteristics of study participants from the 2014–2019 KNHANES1)

From: Relationship between dietary protein and amino acid intake and handgrip strength in Korean adults: data from the 2014–2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Characteristic

Total

(n = 18,565)

Sex

Age group

Males

(n = 7,886)

Females

(n = 10,679)

P value

19–64 years

(n = 16,095)

≥ 65 years

(n = 2,470)

P value

Sex

      

0.0189

Male

7,886 (50.9)

-

-

 

6,595 (50.7)

1,291 (53.5)

 

Female

10,679 (49.1)

-

-

 

9,500 (49.3)

1,179 (46.5)

 

Age (years)

41.8 ± 0.2

41.5 ± 0.2

42.1 ± 0.2

0.0216

-

-

 

Educational level

   

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

Middle school or less

2,911 (11.5)

1,110 (9.4)

1,801 (13.6)

 

1,473 (7.3)

1,438 (65.2)

 

High school

6,248 (39.3)

2,682 (40.7)

3,566 (37.9)

 

5,865 (40.8)

383 (19.7)

 

College or above

7,951 (49.2)

3,370 (50.0)

4,581 (48.5)

 

7,664 (51.9)

287 (15.2)

 

Household income

   

0.0429

  

< 0.001

Low

2,314 (10.4)

995 (9.9)

1,319 (10.9)

 

1,234 (7.7)

1,080 (42.7)

 

Lower middle

4,477 (23.5)

1,904 (23.2)

2,573 (23.9)

 

3,756 (23.1)

721 (29.2)

 

Upper middle

5,538 (30.9)

2,372 (31.7)

3,166 (30.1)

 

5,161 (32.1)

377 (15.9)

 

High

6,179 (35.2)

2,588 (35.3)

3,591 (35.1)

 

5,900 (37.1)

279 (12.2)

 

Marital status

   

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

Unmarried

4,142 (30.4)

2,140 (35.4)

2,002 (25.2)

 

4,132 (32.9)

10 (0.4)

 

Married

12,769 (63.1)

5,351 (60.9)

7,418 (65.4)

 

10,991 (62.3)

1,778 (73.1)

 

Separated, widowed, or divorced

1,648 (6.5)

395 (3.7)

1,253 (9.4)

 

966 (4.8)

682 (26.5)

 

Region

   

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

Urban

15,468 (87.1)

6,457 (86.3)

9,011 (87.9)

 

13,728 (88.0)

1,740 (76.5)

 

Rural

3,097 (12.9)

1,429 (13.7)

1,668 (12.1)

 

2,367 (12.0)

730 (23.5)

 

Current smoking2)

   

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

Yes

3,305 (22.0)

2,748 (37.5)

557 (6.1)

 

3,051 (22.9)

254 (11.4)

 

No

14,835 (78.0)

4,935 (62.5)

9,900 (93.9)

 

12,767 (77.1)

2,068 (88.6)

 

Alcohol consumption3)

   

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

None

7,629 (37.8)

2,187 (27.0)

5,442 (48.9)

 

6,218 (36.0)

1,411 (59.6)

 

Moderate

8,517 (49.8)

4,128 (54.8)

4,389 (44.6)

 

7,715 (50.9)

802 (35.3)

 

High

1,999 (12.4)

1,371 (18.2)

628 (6.5)

 

1,888 (13.0)

111 (5.1)

 

Resistance exercise4)

   

< 0.001

  

0.0010

Yes

3,726 (23.4)

2,159 (30.7)

1,567 (16.0)

 

3,304 (23.7)

422 (20.1)

 

No

13,670 (76.6)

5,151 (69.3)

8,519 (84.0)

 

11,925 (76.3)

1,745 (79.9)

 

Handgrip strength (kg)

33.8 ± 0.1

42.2 ± 0.1

25.2 ± 0.1

< 0.001

34.4 ± 0.1

27.4 ± 0.2

< 0.001

Low handgrip strength5)

   

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

Yes

1,198 (4.9)

408 (3.5)

790 (6.4)

 

568 (3.3)

630 (24.9)

 

No

17,367 (95.1)

7,478 (96.5)

9,889 (93.6)

 

15,527 (96.7)

1,840 (75.1)

 
  1. Values are presented as n (weighted %) or mean ± SE
  2. *Number of missing values: educational level (1,455), household income (57), marital status (6), current smoking (425), alcohol consumption (420), and resistance exercise (1,169)
  3. 1) KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  4. 2) Yes: smoked more than 5 packs (100 cigarettes) in one’s lifetime and currently smoking
  5. 3) None: never consumed alcoholic beverage or drank less than once per month in the past year; moderate: drank more than once per month; high: consumed over seven glasses of alcoholic beverages per occasion (males) or over five (females), more than twice per week
  6. 4) Yes: performed activities such as push-ups, sit-ups, dumbbell exercises, weightlifting, or iron bar exercises for more than two days in the past week
  7. 5) Yes: handgrip strength was less than 28 kg for males and less than 18 kg for females
Back to article page

Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

Contact us