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Table 2 Associations between meat intake and MAFLD risk

From: Meat and fish consumption, genetic risk and risk of severe metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a prospective cohort of 487,875 individuals

Meat types

Meat intake (times/week)

 

P trend

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

Total meat

      

Frequency

0 times/week

0.1-3 times/week

3.1–4.9 times/week

5.0-6.9 times/week

≥ 7 times/week

 

Case/person-years

50/111,230

165/197,337

514/585,898

1192/1,389,565

3731/3,706,788

 

Model 1a

1 (ref)

1.82 (1.33–2.50)

1.87 (1.40–2.50)

1.82 (1.37–2.41)

2.13 (1.61–2.82)

< 0.001

Model 2b

1 (ref)

1.65 (1.20–2.27)

1.70 (1.27–2.28)

1.62 (1.22–2.15)

1.80 (1.36–2.39)

< 0.001

Model 3c

1 (ref)

1.62 (1.18–2.22)

1.67 (1.25–2.24)

1.60 (1.20–2.13)

1.79 (1.35–2.37)

< 0.001

Model 4d

1 (ref)

1.63 (1.18–2.23)

1.67 (1.25–2.23)

1.58 (1.19–2.11)

1.76 (1.33–2.33)

< 0.001

Unprocessed red meat

      

Frequency

0 times/week

0.1–0.9 times/week

1 times/week

2.0-4.9 times/week

≥ 5 times/week

 

Case/person-years

410/568,181

1582/1,854,381

1682/1,766,145

1773/1,616,499

284/231,348

 

Model 1a

1 (ref)

1.52 (1.32–1.76)

1.38 (1.21–1.58)

1.45 (1.27–1.65)

1.70 (1.49–1.94)

< 0.001

Model 2b

1 (ref)

1.23 (1.07–1.42)

1.24 (1.09–1.42)

1.29 (1.13–1.47)

1.40 (1.22–1.60)

< 0.001

Model 3c

1 (ref)

1.19 (1.03–1.38)

1.21 (1.06–1.39)

1.25 (1.09–1.43)

1.35 (1.18–1.55)

< 0.001

Model 4d

1 (ref)

1.19 (1.03–1.37)

1.20 (1.05–1.38)

1.24 (1.08–1.42)

1.34 (1.17–1.53)

< 0.001

Processed meat

      

Frequency

0 times/week

0.1-1.0 times/week

1.1–1.9 times/week

2.0-2.9 times/week

≥ 3 times/week

 

Case/person-years

265/413,994

710/723,175

1673/1,873,376

1592/1,688,420

1491/1,337,591

 

Model 1a

1 (ref)

1.16 (1.04–1.29)

1.31 (1.17–1.46)

1.53 (1.37–1.71)

1.74 (1.49–2.03)

< 0.001

Model 2b

1 (ref)

1.08 (0.97–1.21)

1.13 (1.02–1.27)

1.19 (1.06–1.33)

1.26 (1.08–1.48)

< 0.001

Model 3c

1 (ref)

1.05 (0.94–1.18)

1.09 (0.97–1.22)

1.13 (1.01–1.27)

1.18 (1.01–1.39)

0.005

Model 4d

1 (ref)

1.05 (0.94–1.17)

1.09 (0.97–1.22)

1.13 (1.01–1.27)

1.19 (1.02–1.40)

0.003

Unprocessed poultry

      

Frequency

0 times/week

0.1–0.9 times/week

1 times/week

2.0-4.9 times/week

≥ 5 times/week

 

Case/person-years

206/309,876

570/642,438

1976/2,163,341

2811/2,784,143

168/136,757

 

Model 1a

1 (ref)

1.27 (1.08–1.49)

1.31 (1.13–1.51)

1.48 (1.28–1.70)

1.88 (1.53–2.30)

< 0.001

Model 2b

1 (ref)

1.12 (0.95–1.31)

1.19 (1.03–1.38)

1.27 (1.10–1.46)

1.27 (1.03–1.56)

< 0.001

Model 3c

1 (ref)

1.09 (0.93–1.28)

1.16 (1.00-1.35)

1.24 (1.07–1.44)

1.22 (0.99–1.50)

< 0.001

Model 4d

1 (ref)

1.09 (0.93–1.28)

1.15 (1.00-1.34)

1.22 (1.06–1.42)

1.21 (0.98–1.49)

< 0.001

Oily fish

      

Frequency

0 times/week

0.1–0.9 times/week

1 times/week

2.0-4.9 times/week

≥ 5 times/week

 

Case/person-years

778/651,024

1908/1,988,244

1966/2,271,614

955/1,023,816

45/56,120

 

Model 1a

1 (ref)

0.79 (0.72–0.86)

0.69 (0.64–0.75)

0.74 (0.67–0.81)

0.64 (0.47–0.87)

< 0.001

Model 2b

1 (ref)

0.95 (0.87–1.03)

0.91 (0.83–0.99)

0.94 (0.85–1.03)

0.72 (0.54–0.98)

0.044

Model 3c

1 (ref)

0.95 (0.87–1.03)

0.91 (0.84–0.99)

0.94 (0.85–1.04)

0.72 (0.53–0.98)

0.071

Model 4d

1 (ref)

0.94 (0.86–1.02)

0.90 (0.82–0.98)

0.93 (0.84–1.03)

0.72 (0.53–0.97)

0.033

Non-oily fish

      

Frequency

0 times/week

0.1–0.9 times/week

1 times/week

2.0-4.9 times/week

≥ 5 times/week

 

Case/person-years

289/278,193

1657/1,738,454

2751/2,989,910

921/946,735

34/37,525

 

Model 1a

1 (ref)

0.89 (0.79–1.01)

0.85 (0.75–0.96)

0.90 (0.79–1.03)

0.86 (0.60–1.23)

0.177

Model 2b

1 (ref)

0.96 (0.85–1.09)

0.98 (0.87–1.11)

1.00 (0.87–1.14)

0.83 (0.59–1.19)

0.730

Model 3c

1 (ref)

0.94 (0.83–1.07)

0.96 (0.85–1.09)

0.97 (0.85–1.11)

0.80 (0.56–1.14)

0.950

Model 4d

1 (ref)

0.94 (0.83–1.07)

0.95 (0.84–1.07)

0.96 (0.84–1.10)

0.80 (0.56–1.14)

0.750

  1. CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, MAFLD metabolic-associated fatty liver disease
  2. aModel 1 was adjusted for age and sex
  3. bModel 2 was further adjsted for ethnicity (white, Asian, black, mixed, or other ethnic group), centers (22 categories), BMI (in kg/m2; <18.5, 18.5 to 25, 25 to 30, 30 to 35, ≥ 35, or missing), education (college or university degree, vocational qualifications, optional national exams at ages 17–18 years, national exams at age 16 years, others, or missing), Townsend deprivation index (quartiles), household income (<£18,000, £18,000-£30,999, £31,000-£51,999, £52,000-£100,000, >£100,000, or missing), smoking (never, former, current, or missing), alcohol consumption (never or special occasions only, 1 to 3 times/month, 1 or 2 times/week, 3 or 4 times/week, or daily/almost daily), physical activity (in MET-h/wk; quartiles)
  4. cModel 3 was further adjusted for other remaining meats (unprocessed red meat, processed meat, unprocessed poultry, oily fish and non-oily fish), vegetable, fruit, and total energy intake
  5. dModel 4 was further adjusted for model 2 plus other remaining meats (unprocessed red meat, processed meat, unprocessed poultry, oily fish and non-oily fish), total energy intake, and Alternate Mediterranean Diet score (total score minus the meat component)
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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