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Table 2 Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association of dietary fat and fatty acid intake with all-cause mortality of ovarian cancer patients *

From: The association of dietary fat and fatty acid intake with ovarian cancer survival: findings from the OOPS, a prospective cohort study

Characteristics

All-cause mortality

Deaths (% of total deaths)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Total fat (g/day)†

T1 (< 31.61)

46 (35.38)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (31.61-< 37.66)

35 (26.94)

0.85 (0.55–1.32)

0.89 (0.57–1.40)

1.05 (0.65–1.70)

T3 (≥ 37.66)

49 (37.68)

1.06 (0.71–1.58)

1.18 (0.78–1.79)

1.87 (1.01–3.49)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

0.97 (0.82–1.15)

1.00 (0.85–1.17)

1.14 (0.89–1.45)

P for trend **

 

0.73

0.39

0.05

Animal-based fat (g/day)†

T1 (< 13.11)

37 (28.48)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (13.11-< 18.58)

50 (38.44)

1.36 (0.89–2.09)

1.50 (0.97–2.32)

1.74 (1.08–2.82)

T3 (≥ 18.58)

43 (33.08)

1.14 (0.74–1.78)

1.13 (0.72–1.77)

1.43 (0.83–2.47)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

1.00 (0.84–1.18)

0.99 (0.84–1.18)

1.12 (0.88–1.43)

P for trend **

 

0.62

0.70

0.28

Dairy fat (g/day)†

T1 (< 1.39)

36 (27.69)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (1.39-< 2.89)

41 (31.54)

1.02 (0.65–1.61)

0.98 (0.62–1.56)

1.01 (0.62–1.63)

T3 (≥ 2.89)

53 (40.77)

1.54 (1.01–2.35)

1.50 (0.97–2.31)

1.55 (0.99–2.43)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

1.21 (1.04–1.41)

1.27 (1.08–1.49)

1.30 (1.10–1.53)

P for trend **

 

< 0.05

< 0.05

< 0.05

Meat fat (g/day)†

T1 (< 4.38)

38 (29.24)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (4.38-< 7.64)

46 (35.38)

1.24 (0.81–1.91)

1.17 (0.76–1.80)

1.28 (0.80–2.04)

T3 (≥ 7.64)

46 (35.38)

1.19 (0.77–1.83)

1.14 (0.74–1.77)

1.37 (0.82–2.28)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

1.04 (0.88–1.24)

1.02 (0.86–1.22)

1.10 (0.89–1.37)

P for trend **

 

0.49

0.59

0.25

Fish fat (g/day)†

T1 (< 0.82)

44 (33.85)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (0.82-< 1.72)

51 (39.23)

1.10 (0.73–1.65)

1.13 (0.74–1.71)

1.19 (0.76–1.85)

T3 (≥ 1.72)

35 (26.92)

0.65 (0.42–1.01)

0.65 (0.42–1.03)

0.69 (0.42–1.14)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

0.82 (0.67–1.01)

0.82 (0.67–1.01)

0.83 (0.66–1.05)

P for trend **

 

< 0.05

< 0.05

0.09

Egg fat (g/day)†

T1 (< 3.54)

52 (40.00)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (3.54-< 6.45)

47 (36.15)

0.94 (0.63–1.40)

0.85 (0.57–1.28)

0.87 (0.57–1.32)

T3 (≥ 6.45)

31 (23.85)

0.58 (0.37–0.91)

0.56 (0.36–0.88)

0.57 (0.35–0.92)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

0.83 (0.69–0.99)

0.81 (0.67–0.97)

0.81 (0.66-1.00)

P for trend **

 

< 0.05

< 0.05

< 0.05

Plant-based fat (g/day)†

T1 (< 16.48)

43 (33.08)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (16.48-< 20.40)

41 (31.54)

1.05 (0.69–1.62)

0.99 (0.64–1.54)

1.02 (0.65–1.60)

T3 (≥ 20.40)

46 (35.38)

1.15 (0.76–1.75)

1.25 (0.82–1.92)

1.33 (0.85–2.08)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

0.97 (0.81–1.15)

1.00 (0.85–1.19)

1.02 (0.86–1.21)

P for trend **

 

0.52

0.28

0.21

Grain fat (g/day)†

T1 (< 7.13)

40 (30.77)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (7.13-< 9.65)

36 (27.69)

0.86 (0.55–1.35)

0.86 (0.55–1.36)

0.83 (0.51–1.36)

T3 (≥ 9.65)

54 (41.54)

1.30 (0.86–1.95)

1.13 (0.74–1.71)

1.07 (0.70–1.66)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

1.07 (0.91–1.25)

1.06 (0.90–1.24)

1.03 (0.88–1.22)

P for trend **

 

0.18

0.52

0.64

Nut fat (g/day)†

T1 (< 2.05)

48 (36.92)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (2.05-< 3.56)

44 (33.85)

0.94 (0.62–1.41)

0.89 (0.59–1.35)

0.88 (0.56–1.38)

T3 (≥ 3.56)

38 (29.23)

0.79 (0.51–1.21)

0.87 (0.56–1.35)

0.87 (0.55–1.38)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

0.96 (0.80–1.16)

1.01 (0.85–1.21)

1.02 (0.86–1.22)

P for trend **

 

0.26

0.54

0.59

Legume fat (g/day)†

T1 (< 2.97)

44 (33.85)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (2.97-< 5.23)

46 (35.38)

0.97 (0.64–1.47)

0.98 (0.64–1.50)

1.02 (0.65–1.60)

T3 (≥ 5.23)

40 (30.77)

0.85 (0.56–1.31)

0.87 (0.56–1.35)

0.97 (0.59–1.59)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

0.93 (0.77–1.11)

0.97 (0.80–1.17)

1.04 (0.83–1.31)

P for trend **

 

0.45

0.51

0.89

Fruit and vegetable fat (g/day)†

T1 (< 0.85)

54 (41.54)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (0.85-< 1.20)

39 (30.00)

0.63 (0.42–0.95)

0.58 (0.38–0.88)

0.58 (0.37–0.91)

T3 (≥ 1.20)

37 (28.46)

0.56 (0.37–0.85)

0.47 (0.31–0.73)

0.48 (0.31–0.75)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

0.82 (0.68–0.98)

0.75 (0.62–0.91)

0.76 (0.62–0.93)

P for trend **

 

< 0.05

< 0.05

< 0.05

Total FA (g/day)†

T1 (< 20.84)

38 (29.23)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (20.84-< 26.17)

39 (30.02)

1.01 (0.64–1.58)

1.14 (0.72–1.80)

1.33 (0.83–2.15)

T3 (≥ 26.17)

53 (40.75)

1.39 (0.91–2.11)

1.46 (0.95–2.24)

2.20 (1.27–3.80)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

1.13 (0.96–1.33)

1.17 (1.00-1.38)

1.38 (1.12–1.71)

P for trend **

 

0.11

0.08

< 0.05

Total SFA (g/day)†

T1 (< 7.58)

32 (24.63)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (7.58-< 10.13)

45 (34.62)

1.43 (0.91–2.25)

1.37 (0.87–2.16)

1.56 (0.97–2.52)

T3 (≥ 10.13)

53 (40.75)

1.68 (1.08–2.61)

1.61 (1.03–2.51)

2.02 (1.22–3.34)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

1.20 (1.03–1.41)

1.25 (1.06–1.47)

1.31 (1.11–1.56)

P for trend **

 

< 0.05

< 0.05

< 0.05

Shorter-chain SFAa(g/day)†

T1 (< 0.31)

36 (27.69)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (0.31-< 0.50)

38 (29.23)

1.05 (0.67–1.66)

1.01 (0.63–1.61)

1.05 (0.65–1.69)

T3 (≥ 0.50)

56 (43.08)

1.68 (1.10–2.55)

1.55 (1.01–2.38)

1.59 (1.03–2.47)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

1.27 (1.11–1.46)

1.30 (1.12–1.51)

1.30 (1.12–1.52)

P for trend **

 

< 0.05

< 0.05

< 0.05

Long-chain SFAb(g/day)†

T1 (< 7.46)

37 (28.48)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (7.46-< 9.92)

41 (31.54)

1.12 (0.72–1.75)

1.12 (0.71–1.75)

1.23 (0.78–1.97)

T3 (≥ 9.92)

52 (39.98)

1.41 (0.93–2.16)

1.38 (0.90–2.11)

1.69 (1.03–2.77)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

1.18 (1.01–1.38)

1.22 (1.03–1.43)

1.30 (1.09–1.54)

P for trend **

 

0.10

0.14

< 0.05

Total MUFA (g/day)†

T1 (< 7.98)

39 (30.02)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (7.98-< 10.35)

41 (31.54)

1.01 (0.65–1.57)

1.12 (0.71–1.76)

1.29 (0.80–2.09)

T3 (≥ 10.35)

50 (38.44)

1.25 (0.82–1.89)

1.30 (0.84-2.00)

1.77 (1.02–3.05)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

1.10 (0.93–1.30)

1.12 (0.95–1.31)

1.26 (1.04–1.54)

P for trend **

 

0.29

0.23

< 0.05

Animal-based MUFA (g/day)†

T1 (< 3.45)

31 (23.85)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (3.45-< 5.21)

51 (39.23)

1.73 (1.11–2.70)

1.82 (1.16–2.86)

2.24 (1.36–3.67)

T3 (≥ 5.21)

48 (36.92)

1.50 (0.96–2.37)

1.45 (0.92–2.29)

2.05 (1.17–3.58)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

1.11 (0.94–1.31)

1.09 (0.92–1.29)

1.29 (1.03–1.63)

P for trend **

 

0.12

0.18

< 0.05

Plant-based MUFA (g/day)†

T1 (< 3.82)

44 (33.84)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (3.82-< 5.12)

37 (28.48)

0.90 (0.58–1.39)

0.94 (0.60–1.46)

0.95 (0.60–1.50)

T3 (≥ 5.12)

49 (37.68)

1.15 (0.76–1.73)

1.43 (0.94–2.19)

1.53 (0.99–2.39)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

1.02 (0.86–1.21)

1.07 (0.91–1.26)

1.07 (0.91–1.26)

P for trend **

 

0.47

0.09

0.06

Total PUFA (g/day)†

T1 (< 4.32)

44 (33.84)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (4.32-< 5.75)

46 (35.38)

1.02 (0.67–1.55)

1.09 (0.71–1.67)

1.19 (0.75–1.90)

T3 (≥ 5.75)

40 (30.78)

0.89 (0.58–1.36)

1.07 (0.69–1.65)

1.33 (0.78–2.29)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

0.98 (0.82–1.16)

1.05 (0.88–1.26)

1.23 (0.97–1.57)

P for trend **

 

0.55

0.80

0.31

Total omega-3 PUFAc(g/day)†

T1 (< 0.48)

49 (37.68)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (0.48-< 0.69)

41 (31.54)

0.79 (0.52–1.20)

0.77 (0.51–1.18)

0.80 (0.50–1.27)

T3 (≥ 0.69)

40 (30.78)

0.74 (0.49–1.13)

0.77 (0.50–1.18)

0.82 (0.47–1.46)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

0.95 (0.80–1.13)

0.99 (0.82–1.19)

1.16 (0.89–1.52)

P for trend **

 

0.18

0.27

0.55

Marine omega-3 PUFAd(g/day)†

T1 (< 0.04)

42 (32.31)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (0.04-< 0.08)

46 (35.38)

1.07 (0.70–1.63)

1.01 (0.66–1.54)

1.09 (0.69–1.74)

T3 (≥ 0.08)

42 (32.31)

0.91 (0.59–1.39)

0.85 (0.55–1.32)

0.93 (0.57–1.50)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

0.93 (0.77–1.14)

0.93 (0.76–1.14)

0.96 (0.77–1.20)

P for trend **

 

0.57

0.42

0.66

Total omega-6 PUFAe(g/day)†

T1 (< 3.79)

46 (35.38)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (3.79-< 5.00)

44 (33.84)

0.92 (0.61–1.39)

0.88 (0.57–1.35)

0.92 (0.58–1.47)

T3 (≥ 5.00)

40 (30.78)

0.84 (0.55–1.28)

0.97 (0.63–1.49)

1.13 (0.67–1.90)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

0.99 (0.83–1.17)

1.06 (0.89–1.27)

1.21 (0.97–1.50)

P for trend **

 

0.43

0.94

0.60

Omega-6/omega-3 ratio†

T1 (< 6.75)

44 (33.84)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

T2 (6.75-< 8.48)

43 (33.08)

1.07 (0.70–1.64)

1.07 (0.69–1.64)

1.05 (0.68–1.63)

T3 (≥ 8.48)

43 (33.08)

1.04 (0.69–1.59)

1.15 (0.75–1.76)

1.07 (0.68–1.69)

Continuous (per SD increment)

 

1.04 (0.87–1.24)

1.08 (0.90–1.30)

1.04 (0.85–1.27)

P for trend **

 

0.86

0.53

0.78

  1. CI, confidence interval; FA, fatty acid; HR, hazard ratio; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; Ref, reference; SD, standard deviation; SFA, saturated fatty acid; T, tertile
  2. Values in bold indicate statistically significant results
  3. * HR and 95% CI were calculated through the Cox proportional hazards regression model
  4. † Adjusted for energy by the residual method
  5. ** Test for trend based on variables containing the median value for each tertile
  6. a Shorter-chain SFA included saturated butyric (C4), caproic (C6), caprylic (C8), capric (C10), undecanoic (C11), lauric (C12), tridecanoic (C13) acids
  7. b Long-chain SFA included saturated myristic (C14), pentadecanoic (C15), palmitic (C16), heptadecanoic (C17), stearic (C18), nonadecanoic (C19), arachidic (C20), behenic (C22), and lignoceric (C24) acids
  8. c Total omega-3 PUFA included alpha-linolenic acid, parinaric acid, docosatrienoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
  9. d Marine omega-3 PUFA included eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
  10. e Total omega-6 PUFA included linoleic acid, eicosadienoic acid, arachidonic acid, and docosatetraenoic acid
  11. Model 1 was adjusted for age at diagnosis
  12. Model 2 same as Model 1 and further adjusted for education, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, physical activity, FIGO stage, histological type, histopathologic grade, menopausal status, parity, residual lesions
  13. Model 3 same as Model 2 and further adjusted for dietary change, total energy, protein intake, and carbohydrate intake
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