Fig. 2

Nonlinear associations between serum 25(OH)D concentration and different stages of CMM progression. The associations of serum 25(OH)D concentration with the transition from baseline to FCMD (A), FCMD to CMM (B), baseline to death (C), FCMD to death (D), CMM to death (E). The baseline value (HR = 1) is represented by a dashed line. All models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, season of blood collection, Townsend Deprivation Index (TDI), education, smoking status, drinking status, healthy diet, vitamin/mineral supplement use, body mass index (BMI), physical activity and time spent outdoors during the summer. Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; FCMD, first cardiometabolic disease; CMM, cardiometabolic multimorbidity