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Table 1 Participants characteristics (Phase 7: 2002/2003) for the overall participants and by ultra-processed food trajectory groupsa

From: Ten-year trajectories of ultra-processed food intake and prospective associations with cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: findings from the Whitehall II cohort study

 

All participants

(n = 7,138)

Low UPF

intake (n = 1808)

Moderate UPF intake

(n = 4232)

High UPF intake

(n = 1098)

P value

Cardiovascular diseases

     

No. of cases

1128

271

666

191

Coronary heart diseases

    

No. of cases

859

200

505

154

CVD mortality

    

No. of cases

284

66

176

42

CHD mortality

    

No. of cases

124

28

75

21

All-cause mortality

    

No. of cases

1314

781

356

177

Age, median (IQR), years

60.4(56.1–66.5)

61.0(56.0-67.1)

61.0(56.0-66.2)

60.2(56.0-66.4)

0.001

Sex, n (%)

  

Male

Female

4870 (68.3)

2268 (31.7)

1225 (67.7)

583 (32.3)

2907 (68.7)

1325 (31.3)

746 (68.0)

352 (32.0)

0.03

Ethnicity, n(%)

    

0.02

White

Non- White

6544 (91.7)

594 (8.3)

1626 (89.9)

182 (10.1)

3890 (91.9)

342 (8.1)

1028 (93.6)

70 (6.4)

 

Family history of CVD, CHD, n(%)

No

Yes

6447(90.3)

691 (9.7)

1620(89.6)

188 (10.4)

3826 (90.4)

406 (9.6)

1001 (91.2)

97 (8.8)

0.37

Family history of cancer, n(%)

No

Yes

3449 (48.3)

3689 (51.7)

864 (47.8)

944 (52.2)

2038 (48.2)

2194 (51.8)

547 (49.8)

551 (50.2)

0.54

Physical activity, n(%)

    

0.007

Inactive

Active

Moderate active

385(5.4)

6319(88.5)

434(6.1)

88 (4.9)

1616 (89.3)

104 (5.8)

222 (16.2)

3767 (78.5)

243 (5.3)

75 (6.8)

936 (85.3)

87 (7.9)

 

Alcohol consumption, n(%)

 

< 0.001

Abstainers

Moderate drinkers

Heavy drinkers

1557 (21.8)

3516 (49.3)

2065 (28.9)

382 (21.1)

792 (43.8)

634 (35.1)

877 (20.7)

2154 (50.9)

1201 (28.4)

298 (27.0)

570 (52.0)

230 (21.0)

 

Smoking, n(%)

    

0.216

Never smoker

Ex-smoker

Current smoker

3444 (48.2)

3140 (44.0)

554 (7.8)

863 (47.7)

807 (44.6)

138 (7.6)

2060 (48.6)

1860 (44.0)

312 (7.4)

521 (47.4)

473 (43.1)

104 (9.5)

 

Employment grade, n(%)

    

0.001

Low (clerical or support roles)

Intermediate (professional roles)

High (administrative roles)

818 (11.5)

3130 (43.8)

3190 (44.7)

211 (11.7)

779 (43.1)

818 (45.2)

462 (10.9)

1827 (43.2)

1943 (45.9)

145 (13.2)

524 (47.7)

429 (39.1)

 

Education, n(%)

 

0.002

< Secondary

Secondary

University

2636 (36.9)

1919 (26.9)

2583 (36.2)

643 (35.6)

454 (25.1)

711 (39.3)

1554 (36.7)

1154 (27.3)

1524 (36.0)

439 (40.0)

311 (28.3)

348 (31.7)

 

Hypertension, n(%)

    

0.12

Yes

No

1787 (25.0)

5351 (75.0)

465 (25.7)

1343 (74.3)

1074 (25.4)

3158 (74.6)

248 (25.8)

850 (74.2)

 

Type II diabetes, n(%)

    

0.40

Yes

No

245 (3.4)

6893 (96.6)

62 (3.4)

1746 (96.6)

138 (3.3)

4094 (96.7)

45 (4.1)

1053 (95.9)

 

Dyslipidaemia, n(%)

    

0.0001

Yes

1903 (26.7)

411 (21.6)

1162 (27.5)

330 (30.0)

 

No

5235 (73.3)

1397 (77.3)

3070 (72.5)

768 (70.0)

 

BMI, median (IQR), (kg/m2)

26.1(24.0-28.6)

25.9(23.8–28.2)

26.2(24.1–28.7)

26.4(24.2–29.3)

0.15

Total energy intake, median (IQR), (kcal/day)

2067(1716–2448)

1980(1664–2339)

2101(1739–2473)

2075(1737–2525)

0.0001

Total fat intake, median (IQR), (g/day)

72.8(56.4–92.1)

66.3(61.9–86.9)

74.3(58.1–93.5)

75.1(59.9–94.0)

0.0001

Total sugar intake, median (IQR), (g/day)

126(99.2–158)

122(94.9–156)

127(100–159)

127(101–162)

0.0001

Total sodium intake, median (IQR), (mg/day)

2537(1974–3161)

2356(1818–2962)

2590(2040–3210)

2626(2061–3256)

0.0001

  1. Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular diseases; CHD, coronary heart diseases; CMD, cardiometabolic disease; BMI, body mass index
  2. a Continuous variables are expressed as median (IQR), and categorical variables as n (%)
  3. b P values were calculated using χ2 test for categorical variables or analysis of variance (Kruskal–Wallis test) for continuous variables
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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