Perceived healthiness of sugary drinks and related social norms among adults in five countries: evidence from the International Food Policy Study

Table 7 IRR of consuming each sugary drink type (for perceived healthiness) and any sugary drink (for social norms) in the past 7 days

		Australia^a		Canada		Mexico		UK		US
		IRR(99%CI)	p	IRR(99%CI)	p	IRR(99%CI)	p	IRR(99%CI)	p	IRR(99%CI)	p
Perceived healthiness^b(ref = not unhealthy)	Regular soft drinks (n = 70 367)	0.55 (0.46;0.65)	< 0.001	0.55 (0.46;0.65)	< 0.001	0.77 (0.73;0.82)	< 0.001	0.58 (0.49;0.69)	< 0.001	0.77 (0.69;0.86)	< 0.001
	100% juice (n = 8577)	0.58 (0.43;0.78)	< 0.001	0.44 (0.34;0.57)	< 0.001	0.72 (0.60;0.86)	< 0.001	0.52 (0.39;0.68)	< 0.001	0.47 (0.35;0.63)	< 0.001
	Diet soft drinks (n = 8704)	0.39 (0.23;0.67)	< 0.001	0.36 (0.21;0.61)	< 0.001	0.43 (0.28;0.68)	< 0.001	0.41 (0.28;0.60)	< 0.001	0.37 (0.25;0.56)	< 0.001
	Energy drinks (n = 8406)	0.67 (0.19;2.41)	0.423	0.33 (0.07;1.66)	0.077	0.59 (0.29;1.21)	0.058	1.10 (0.26;4.65)	0.862	0.39 (0.17;0.92)	0.005
	Sports drinks (n = 8009)	0.27 (0.13;0.54)	< 0.001	0.38 (0.18;0.80)	0.001	0.46 (0.34;0.64)	< 0.001	0.64 (0.29;1.40)	0.144	0.37 (0.23;0.60)	< 0.001
	Chocolate milk (n = 8048)	0.71 (0.39;1.29)	0.143	0.79 (0.48;1.30)	0.219	0.57 (0.39;0.83)	< 0.001	1.36 (0.70;2.64)	0.234	0.44 (0.25;0.78)	< 0.001
	Iced tea (n = 8094)	0.33 (0.17;0.62)	< 0.001	0.67 (0.38;1.20)	0.079	1.03 (0.75;1.42)	0.796	0.96 (0.47;1.95)	0.871	0.78 (0.48;1.26)	0.183
Social norm^c (ref = not agree)	Descriptive norm (n = 54 438)	0.73 (0.67;0.80)	< 0.001	0.77 (0.71;0.84)	< 0.001	0.91 (0.87;0.96)	< 0.001	0.81 (0.74;0.89)	< 0.001	0.86 (0.80;0.92)	< 0.001
Social norm^c (ref = not agree)	Injunctive norm (n = 54 438)	0.84 (0.77;0.92)	< 0.001	0.95 (0.88;1.04)	0.142	0.95 (0.90;1.00)	0.007	0.90 (0.82;0.99)	0.005	0.95 (0.88;1.02)	0.047

Abbreviations: UK United Kingdom, US United States, IRR Incident risk ratio, CI Confidence interval
^a Each model was adjusted for year and sociodemographic variables including age, ethnicity, sex, perceived income adequacy, education, and the presence of a child under 18 at home
^b These models examined the association between perceived healthiness toward each drink category and the intake of each drink category in the past 7 days
^c These models examined the association between social norms and the intake of any sugary drink in the past 7 days

ISSN: 1475-2891